从大众到普及进程中家庭背景对优质高等教育入学机会影响的变化

Changes in the Impacts of Family Backgrounds on Access to Excellent Higher Education from Perspective of Shift from Mass to Universal Education

利用对2007级和2020级大一学生的全国性调查数据,分析高等教育从大众化到普及化进程中家庭背景对学生高等教育入学机会影响的变化,发现:弱势家庭背景子女向一般本科高校聚集而优势家庭背景子女向重点本科高校聚集的趋势仍在增加,家庭背景各因素对2020级学生获取重点本科教育机会的影响均明显高于2007级学生,优势阶层子女相对于基础阶层子女的机会由0.955倍变为1.600倍,高收入家庭子女相对于低收入家庭子女的机会由0.721倍变为1.481倍,城市子女相对于农村子女的机会由1.280倍变为1.406倍,男生相对于女生的机会由1.493倍变为1.719倍。基于此,当前应构建以政府支持为中心,学校、社区与家庭等领域全方位参与的社会支持系统,破解社会分层结构与教育资源分布结构对弱势家庭背景子女高等教育机会获得造成的双重障碍,进一步增加弱势家庭背景子女接受优质高等教育的机会,推进代际良性流动,提升社会开放和平等程度。

Based on the national survey data of freshmen in grades 2007 and 2020,this paper analyzes the changes in the influence of family background on students'enrollment opportunities in higher education during the process from mass to universal,and finds that:The trend of children from disadvantaged families gathering in general undergraduate colleges and universities,while children from advantageous families gathering in key undergraduate colleges and universities,is still increasing,and the influence of family background factors on the access of 2020 students to key undergraduate education is significantly higher than that of 2007 students.The chances of children in the dominant class compared with children of the basic class have changed from 0.955 to 1.600 times,the op-portunities of children from high-income families over children from low-income families have changed from 0.721 to 1.481 times,the opportunities of urban children relative to rural children have increased from 1.280 times to 1.406 times,and the opportunities of boys relative to girls have changed from 1.493 times to 1.719 times.Based on this,at present,we should build a social support system centered on government support and with all-round participation in schools,communities and families,break the double obstacles caused by social stratification structure and educational resource distribution structure on the access to higher education opportunities for children from disadvantaged families,further increase the chances of receiving high-quality higher education,promote benign inter-generational mobility,and improve social openness and equality.