承德避暑山庄内的桥梁构造特征和艺术解析

Structural Characteristics and Artistic Analysis of Bridges in Chengde Mountain Resort

为探究现存皇家园林桥梁的表现特征,以现存最大的皇家山水园林承德避暑山庄为研究对象,通过实地考察,从桥梁的构造和艺术2个角度,对山庄内的园桥特征进行了分析总结。首先,从山庄水系入手,展现山庄内的园桥分布,获取山庄内桥梁分布特征;其次,确定测量方法并现场测量,对桥梁构造参数进行统计,分析桥梁构造特征;最后,根据艺术表达形式对园桥进行分类,对各类园桥的艺术性进行解析。研究表明:园内桥梁多分布于水体之上,非涉水桥梁多用于山体之间连接;园内桥梁的建桥材料主要以木、石为主,受力结构多采用简支、拱形式,桥梁跨径分布较广,跨径与功能紧密相关;独立成景园桥一般跨度较大,结构形式或色彩较为独特;搭配构景的园桥跨度与景观的总体尺度相关,结构形式多样,色彩造型与周围景象有关;隐桥于路艺术形式的园桥多仅为连通两岸作用,结构形式和色彩造型简单朴实;园内桥梁结构与艺术性紧密相关。园内桥梁构造特征和艺术审视,可为园桥复原性建造和修复保护提供规律特征和美学理念参考。

In order to explore the performance characteristics of the existing royal garden bridges,the Chengde Mountain Resort,the largest existing royal landscape garden,was taken as the research object.Through field investigation,the characteristics of the garden bridges in the mountain resort were analyzed and summarized from the perspectives of bridge structure and art.Firstly,starting from the water system of the villa,the distribution of garden bridges within the villa was presented to obtain the distribution characteristics of bridges within the villa;Secondly,the measurement method and conduct on-site measurements were determined,the structural parameters of the bridge and the structural characteristics of the bridge were statistically analyzed;Finally,the garden bridges were classified based on their artistic expression forms and the artistry of various garden bridges was analyzed.Research has shown that:bridges in the garden are mostly distributed above water bodies,while non wading bridges are mostly used for connecting mountains;the construction materials for the bridges in the garden are mainly wood and stone,and the load-bearing structures are mostly in the form of simple supports and arches;the span distribution of the bridges is wide,and the span is closely related to the function;garden bridges that form independent landscapes generally have a large span and unique structural forms or colors;the span of the garden bridge matched with the landscape is related to the overall scale of the landscape,with diverse structural forms and color shapes related to the surrounding scenery;the garden bridges in the form of hidden bridges and roads are mostly used to connect the two sides,with simple and simple structural forms and color designs;the bridge structure in the garden is closely related to its artistry.The structural characteristics and artistic examination of the bridges in the garden can provide regular features and aesthetic concepts for the restorative construction,restoration and protection of the bridges.