教育代际传递对农村子女收入性别差距的影响及差异性分析——基于反事实视角

The Impact of Intergenerational Transmission of Education on the Gender Gap in Rural Children’s Income and Analysis of Differences——A Counterfactual Approach

2020年后相对贫困治理成为解决中国“三农问题”的重要任务,缩小农村收入差距、促进社会代际流动是重要施策点。而教育公平作为起点公平,是打破社会阶层固化、促进底层向上流动的重要工具,农村教育的机会平等更是后扶贫时代缓解相对贫困的基本方略。本研究基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2010-2018年数据,运用反事实视角检验教育机会不平等对农村子女收入差距的影响及变化。实证结果显示农村家庭子女存在教育机会的性别不平等,即教育代际传递过程中儿子与女儿的教育机会存在差距,女性子女教育机会受到父母教育程度的约束性影响;农村子女教育代际流动与其收入水平存在相关性,且教育代际向上流动对收入具有正向影响,而性别间也存在教育代际流动方向上的差异;教育因素对农村子女收入性别差距的贡献表现为特征效应而非系数效应,教育分布扩大了收入性别差距,而教育回报率缩小了收入性别差距;在反事实视角下,当消除女性子女教育代际传递的劣势后,子女收入性别差距减小约10%且教育禀赋不再对收入性别差距产生正向影响。相关教育政策一方面应该加强劣势群体的社会保障,改善相对贫困家庭的教育投资现状,从根本上解决农村子女上学问题;另一方面应该改善优质教育资源配置及教育机会分配。同时继续加强农村地区男女平等基本国策的宣传教育,改善女性地位,发挥女性优势。

After 2020,relative poverty management will become a major task in solving China’s“three rural problems”,and narrowing the rural income gap and promoting intergenerational social mobility are important policy implementation points.As the starting point of equity,education is an important tool to break social class solidification and promote upward mobility of the lower class,and equal opportunity in rural education is a basic strategy to alleviate relative poverty in the post-poverty alleviation era.Based on the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)data from 2010-2018,this paper applies a counterfactual perspective to examine the impact and changes of unequal educational opportunities on the income gap of rural children.The empirical results show that there is gender inequality in educational opportunities for children in rural households,that is,there is a gap in educational opportunities between sons and daughters in the intergenerational transmission of education,and educational opportunities for female children are strongly constrained by their parents’educational attainment.There is a correlation between the intergenerational mobility of rural children’s education and their income levels,and the upward mobility of education has a positive impact on income,while there are also differences in the direction of intergenerational mobility of education between genders.The contribution of education factors to the gender gap in rural children’s income shows a characteristic effect rather than a coefficient effect,with the distribution of education widening the gender gap in income and the return to education narrowing it.In the counterfactual perspective,when the intergenerational transmission disadvantage of female children’s education is eliminated,the gender gap in children’s income decreases by about 10%and educational endowments no longer have a positive effect on the gender gap in earnings.In summary,relevant education policies should,on the one hand,increase social security for disadvantaged groups,improve the educational investment constraints of relatively poor families,and fundamentally solve the problem of rural children having access to school.On the other hand,it should improve the allocation of quality education resources and flexible the distribution of educational opportunities.At the same time,it should continue to strengthen the publicity and education on the basic national policy of gender equality in rural areas,so as to improve the status of female and give full play to their advantages.