老年人医疗权保障的国家义务分析

Analysis on State Obligations to Guarantee the Medical Right of the Elderly

随着老龄化社会的到来,老年人看病难、看病贵等问题逐渐增多,对老年人医疗权的研究迫在眉睫。从自由权到社会权的转变,催生了现代意义上的医疗权,而老年主义思潮与国际人权运动的发展则奠定了老年人医疗权的正当性基础。老年人医疗权是一种兼具消极权利和积极权利的复合权利,它与健康权、医疗保障权、卫生保健权等存在本质上的差异。从国家义务理论的视角出发研究老年人医疗权保障,首先,尊重义务要求国家贯彻“非歧视原则”,不得干预、妨碍老年人的正当医疗行为,确保老年人的医疗知情权、参与权与自主权等;其次,给付义务要求国家通过行政、司法等方式,积极主动地帮助老年人实现医疗权,提供有效、可及、高质量且受欢迎的医疗设施、服务以及完善的权利救济渠道;第三,保护义务要求国家积极探索老年人医疗权保障制度体系,构建多元化的医疗服务供给格局。

With the advent of the aging society,the problems of the elderly including"difficult to see a doctor"and"expensive to see a doctor"have gradually increased.Therefore,the research on the medical rights of the elderly is urgent.The transfer from freedom rights to social rights has given rise to medical right in the modern sense,and the theory of ageivism and the international human rights movement have laid the foundation of medical right for the elderly.The medical rights of the elderly possess both negative rights and positive rights,which are essentially different from health rights,medical security rights and health care rights.From the perspective of the theory of national obligations to study the protection of the elderly's medical rights,first of all,the obligation to respect requires the state to implement the"non-discrimination principle",not to interfere with or hinder the legitimate medical behavior of the elderly,and to ensure their right to know,participate and autonomy in medical care.Secondly,the obligation to pay requires the state to actively help the elderly realize the right to medical treatment through administrative and judicial means.The effective,accessible,high-quality,and popular medical facilities,services,and comprehensive channels for remedies are provided.Thirdly,the obligation to protect requires the state to actively explore the medical security system for the elderly and build a diversified medical service supply pattern.