费孝通的文化自觉说:缘起、比较与发展路径——兼论文化自觉说对构建中国特色民族学话语体系的启示

Fei Xiaotong’s Theory of Cultural Consciousness:Origin,Comparison and Path——The Enlightenment of Cultural Consciousness Theory on the Construction of Ethnological Discourse System with Chinese Characteristics

“文化自觉”是费孝通20世纪90年代基于探索全球化与不同文明之关系提出的重要概念。文化自觉说涵括了费孝通对世界性文化转型背景下诸多文化和平共处的美好世界图景之构想。从东西方在知识和权力上的事实差异出发,费孝通比较了东西方的“天人观”,运用汲取中国儒学思想智慧的文化自觉说对西方的“东方学”“天人对立观”及其现代化理论展开了批判。同时,文化自觉与中华文化具有内在的互构关系,创造性地利用中华文化,对于推动世界性美好社会的形成可以做出积极贡献。本研究以费孝通的文化自觉说为范例,梳理文化自觉说提出、丰富、拓展的过程,认为“时代问题导向”“东西方文化的比较”“本土知识的提炼”是费孝通构建文化自觉说的三种策略,这对于思考如何构建中国特色民族学话语体系可以提供重要启示。

"Cultural consciousness"is an important concept put forward by Fei Xiaotong in the 1990s based on exploring the relationship between globalization and different civilizations.The cultural consciousness includes Fei Xiaotong s conception of a beautiful world prospect of peaceful coexistence of many cultures under the background of global cultural transformation.Starting from the factual differences concerning the knowledge and power between the East and the West,Fei Xiaotong compared the"view of heaven and man"between the East and the West,and criticized the western"Orientalism","opposition view of heaven and man"and their modernization theory by using the cultural consciousness theory of absorbing the wisdom of Chinese Confucianism.At the same time,cultural consciousness and Chinese culture have an internal inter-constructive relationship,and the creative use of Chinese culture can make positive contributions to the formation of a beautiful society in the world.This study takes Fei Xiaotong's cultural consciousness,sorts the process of putting forward,enrichment and extension of cultural consciousness,indicates that"era problem oriented"."eastern and western culture comparison",and"local knowledge refinement"are three strategies of constructing cultural consciousness.It can provide important enlightenment for constructing Chinese characteristic ethnological discourse system.