中国瑞典建筑碳排放对比及对中国建筑碳中和路径的启示

Carbon emission comparisons of the building sector between China and Sweden and its implication for achieving carbon neutrality in the building sector of China

中国建筑领域用能亟需实现低碳能源转型。瑞典在经济合作与发展组织(OECD)国家中单位一次能耗碳排放强度和单位GDP碳排放强度皆为第二低,其低碳转型之路对于中国实现碳中和具有重要的参考意义。文中计算了瑞典建筑单位面积终端能耗强度与碳排放强度,结果表明瑞典建筑用能强度约为中国的2.3倍,而碳排放强度仅为中国的1/10。从建筑类别、建筑用能分项等多角度进一步展开对比研究,分析了瑞典建筑低碳转型采用的技术体系与政策机制,从优先节能理念、实现建筑电气化、减少建筑供热耗热量、构建零碳热源等方面提出了中国建筑领域实现碳中和的政策建议:我国需通过推广居民绿色生活方式、提倡“改善型”的室内环境营造理念避免未来建筑能耗出现显著增长,并通过建筑规范约束新建建筑保温性能、推进既有建筑节能改造等措施减少建筑采暖需热量,且需要促进各类余热资源和生物质燃料的收集与利用实现低碳供热,本文可为中国建筑部门低碳发展的战略规划提供参考借鉴。

The building sector of China is in urgent needs of low-carbon transition for achieving the national carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.Sweden has the second lowest carbon emission intensity in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries,counted in the unit of either per total primary energy supply or per GDP,and thus the low-carbon transitional pathways of the Swedish building sector are worthwhile to be investigated.In this paper,the final energy use intensity and the carbon emission intensity are calculated for the operation stage of the building sector in Sweden.The calculation results show that,although the Swedish building sector features a higher final energy use intensity per floor area,1.3 times higher than that of China,the carbon emission density of the former is only one tenth of the latter.Furthermore,comparisons are made between Sweden and China from a variety of perspectives such as the category of the buildings and the type of the energy use activities.For providing insights on planning the low-carbon transition strategies for the building sector of China,the technological paths and policy frameworks adopted along the low-carbon energy transition of the Swedish building sector are analyzed.Policy suggestions under the scopes of cultivation energy-saving mindset,building electrification,reducing heating demands,and setup of carbon-free heat source are provided for the issue of decarbonization of the building sector of China.Some specific suggestions are given,such as to promote a green lifestyle and to advocate the improvement-oriented design concept of indoor built environment for preventing the rapid increase in energy consumption of buildings,to limit the thermal performance of new buildings and to renovate existing buildings for reducing heating demands,and to promote collection and utilization of surplus heat and biomass fuels for reaching low-carbon heating.