圣王制作与孔子述道——先秦两汉的圣人观与孔子身份

The Creation of the Holy King and the Preaching of Confucius-The View of Saints and the Identity of Confucius in the Pre Qin and Han Dynasties

古代中国的“道”从圣王之“治”中推演而出,具有实践属性,“作君作师”的圣王统合“制作”之权,明道而且行道。在东周以降的治道裂变中,无位的孔子成为“制义”的圣人,“圣”“制作”的意涵从此裂变,但孔子之为“素王”,仍只限于不侵犯时王在“行道”意义上的“制作”权力,而只是述而明道之谓,统合行道与明道的圣人观念仍保有于政治文化观念中。在“时”“命”“制作”等社会政治权力背景下理解“道”,进而在“明道-行道”这一社会政治权力结构中理解孔子之为圣人的意涵边界,可以更接近自周迄汉对孔子身份的认知,可以对古代中国的政治理想型有更切近的体会。

The“Tao”of ancient China is derived from the“governance”of the Holy King.So,it has practical attributes.The holy king of“being a ruler and a teacher”had the power to unify“creation”.They created the Tao and practiced it.In the fission of governance since the Eastern Zhou Dynasty,Confucius,who had no throne,became the sage who discovered the principle.The meaning of“saint”and“creation”had since split.But Confucius,as the“uncrowned king”,was still limited to not infringing on the“creation”power of the king in the sense of“practicing the Tao”.The sage concept of integrating the“Tao”still existed in political and cultural concepts.Understanding“Tao”in the context of social and political power such as“time”,“the mandate of heaven”,and“creation”,and then understanding the meaning boundary of Confucius as a sage in the social and political power structure of“understanding Tao-practicing Tao”,can be closer to the understanding of Confucius'identity from the Zhou Dynasty to the Han Dynasty,and can have a closer understanding of the political ideal model of ancient China.