德国否定哲学的起源、发展和意义

The Origin,Development and Significance of German Negation Philosophy

德国否定哲学开始于15世纪的库萨的尼古拉,他提出的“学识的无知”和放弃上帝存在的证明,巧妙地将宗教神学命题转换为哲学命题,对后世的德国哲学发生深刻影响。康德的批判哲学奠基于否定思维,他的基本立场是批判地考察人的认识能力,强调本体概念本身所具有的否定意义,通过对信仰和知识双重限制,开辟出近现代以否定为核心的批判哲学的道路。黑格尔把否定视为理性和自由的显现,承认矛盾,强调用扬弃来达到辩证的统一,是他的否定之否定的辩证法核心。阿多诺的《否定的辩证法》是要将以否定为核心的辩证法思想贯彻到底,他通过对同一性、体系思想和存在主义哲学的批判,对主体与客体、精神与自然、思维与存在的非同一性的关系予以全新的阐述。德国否定哲学在一定程度上反映了事物的本质规律,它要求哲学家发挥思想意识的能动性和创造性,持续永恒地追求真理、探索真理和发现真理。

German negative philosophy was initiated from Nicolaus of Cusa(库萨的尼古拉)in the 15th century.He proposed"intellectual ignorance"(学识的无知)and gave up the proof of God's existence,which cleverly transformed the religious theological proposition into a philosophical proposition and made a deep impact on the later German philosophy.Kant's(康德)critical philosophy was based on negative thinking.His basic position was to critically examine human cognitive ability,emphasize the negative meaning of noumenon concept itself,and open up the road of critical philosophy with negation as the core in the modern times through the dual restrictions of belief and knowledge.Hegel(黑格尔)regarded negation as the manifestation of rationality and freedom,acknowledged the existence of contradictions and emphasized the use of sublation to achieve dialectical unity,which was the core of his dialectics of negation of negation(否定之否定).Adorno's(阿多诺)Dialectics of Negation(《否定的辩证法》)aimed to carry through the dialectic thought with negation as the core.By criticizing identity,systematic thought and existentialist philosophy,Adorno made a new exposition on the non-identical relations between subject and object,spirit and nature,as well as thinking and existence.German negative philosophy reflects the essential regular pattern of things to a certain extent,which requires philosophers to exert the initiative and creativity of ideological consciousness,so as to continuously and eternally pursue truth,explore truth and discover truth.