诗史传统的来源与影响——对抒情传统说的一点补充

The Origin of the Tradition of Poetic History and its Influence——A Complement to the Lyrical Tradition

以具体史实为本事的诗、史对应阐释方式萌芽于春秋赋《诗》,此后毛传郑笺孔疏建构了《诗经》诗史阐释体系,使之成为汉唐《诗经》学主流。这一传统是杜诗在晚唐被界定为“诗史”的观念来源,在撰述体例、考辨角度等方面影响了宋人注杜诗偏重梳理杜甫行迹与唐王朝治乱关系的阐释特点,杜诗在中国文学的基本面貌与价值由此奠定。“五四”新文化的“歌谣运动”否定《诗经》的诗史阐释传统,强调《诗经》的抒情属性,启发了中国古典诗歌抒情传统说。尽管抒情说对《诗经》大部分篇章的理解更符合实际情况,《诗经》的诗史阐释多为后起追加的误读义,但诗史阐释传统在中国诗学的历史地位与实际影响已经成为事实,不容忽视。只有引入诗史“副线”作为对抒情“主线”的合理补充,才能解决抒情传统说无法解释杜诗“诗史”特点的内在矛盾。

Poetic history refers to the poetic texts based on historical characters and events,which were originated from the way that people chanted the Book of Songs in the Spring and Autumn Period.Mao's Notes on the Book of Songs with Commentary(《毛传》)by Mao Heng(毛亨)and Mao Chang(毛苌),and Zheng Xuan's Annotation on the Book of Songs(《郑笺》)by Zheng Xuan(郑玄)in the Han Dynasty,and The Commentary Notes on Zuo Zhuan(《左传正义》)by Kong Yingda(孔颖达)in the Tang Dynasty,established the whole hermeneutic system of poetic history on the Book of Songs,becoming the mainstream of the study of the Book of Songs in ancient China.This tradition was the source of the idea that Du Fu'poems were defined as poetic history in the Late-Tang Dynasty.In view of the compilation format and the textual research,this tradition influenced the hermeneutic features when the scholars of the Song Dynasty focused on the relationship between Du Fu's(杜甫)individual movements and the Tang imperial court's movement to suppress the riot when Du Fu's poems were annotated.From then on,the value of Du Fu's poems was fixed in Chinese literature.In modern times,the Ballad Movement(歌谣运动),a part of the May Fourth Movement of New Culture,negated the hermeneutic tradition of poetic history from the Book of Songs(《诗经》).Instead,it emphasized the lyrical feature of the Book of Songs and initiated the view on the lyrical tradition of Chinese classical poetry.And a new hermeneutic system was established,which was named“lyrical tradition”(抒情传统)by Chen Shixiang(陈世骧)in the 1970s.Although the view of lyrical tradition is more in conformity with the practical conditions in its understanding of most parts of the Book of Songs,and the explanations of its poetic history were mostly misunderstandings by the scholars of later dynasties,the historical status and practical influence of the hermeneutic tradition of poetic history became an unignorable fact.Only by introducing poetic history as the“subline"to complement the lyrical tradition as the"main line",can we solve the internal contradiction that the view of lyrical tradition fails to interpret the features of Du Fu's poems as poetic history.