从生者身份认同的变化看商周之际饕餮纹样的嬗变

From the Change of the Identity of the Living to Look at the Evolution of Taotie Pattern in Shang and Zhou Dynasties

商周之际饕餮纹样的嬗变并非偶然,是政权更替与信仰更迭带来的必然变化,而贯穿于所有文化信仰变革的是话语权主体的身份转变,即商周两代生者身份认同的转变。周革殷命之后,祭祀活动的主体从殷人变为周人,政权与话语权的转移使周人拥有重新书写饕餮内涵的权力,饕餮也因此从殷人的祖先神逐渐被改写为周人的天神,并随着人牲传统在“惟德是辅”的新宗教观下的消弭,完成从神本位到人本位的宗教观转型,这便使得发源于殷人祖神信仰的饕餮逐渐体现出更强的动物属性,从抽象的祖先神转变为具象的恶兽,并在西周中晚期之后逐渐失去青铜器上的主体地位,最终为象征周王德行的凤鸟纹样所取代。

The evolution of Taotie patterns in Shang and Zhou Dynasties was not accidental,but an inevitable change brought about by regime change and belief change.What ran through all cultural belief changes was the change of the identity of the discourse subject,that is,the change of the identity of the descendants of Shang and Zhou dynasties.After Zhou revolutionized the Yin dynasty,the subject of sacrificial activities changed from Yin people to Zhou people.The transfer of power and discourse power gave Zhou people the power to rewrite the connotation of Taotie,and Taotie was gradually changed from the ancestor god of Yin people to the god of Zhou people.With the extinction of the tradition of human sacrifice under the new religious concept of virtue as a supplement,the transformation of religious concept from God-based to humanbased was completed.As a result,Taotie,which originated from the Yin people's belief in the ancestor God,gradually embodied stronger animal attributes,transforming from an abstract"ancestor god"to a concrete"evil beast".After the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty,Taotie gradually lost its dominant position on bronzes and was finally replaced by the phoenix bird pattern,which symbolizes the virtue of the Zhou king.