辩证法在“历史感”中扎根和发展

The Movement of Dialectics in the“Sense of History”

辩证法缘起于人类筹划生存的实际需要,通过话语修辞、逻辑推理等形式,参与人们生活的历史过程,提炼并表达人类的生存经验。自古以来,辩证法都是在解答时代问题中赢获赖以立足和发展的实体性内容,正是内容推动并引领辩证法的发展。“苏格拉底方法”的要旨是改造当下生活、构建新的时代原则,柏拉图开启的“思辨的辩证法”在“形式论证”的方式下考察事物、阐明思想。黑格尔建构了“思辨逻辑”,借以超越柏拉图等人所迷执的“知性逻辑”,在抽象思辨语境中表达了“历史感”,把辩证法实现“普遍物的特殊化”的本质要求展示出来。马克思深刻洞悉社会历史创造因素优先突出的时代境遇,拒绝从主观主义和形式主义向度来阐释辩证法的认知思路,把黑格尔的“抽象的—历史性思考”翻转为“现实的—历史性思考”,阐明以返回生活世界为导向的辩证法新境域。

Dialectics originates from the actual needs of human beings to plan for survival.Through discourse rhetoric,logical reasoning and other forms,it participates in the historical process of people's life,refining and expressing human survival experience.Since ancient times,dialectics has won the solid content which it bases itself on and develops from in the process of solving the problems of the times.It is the content that promotes and leads the development of dialectics.The essence of the“Socratic method”is to transform the current life and construct new principles of the times.The“speculative dialectics”initiated by Plato examines things and clarifies thoughts in the way of“formal argument”.Hegel constructed the“speculative logic”to transcend the“logic of understanding”obsessed by Plato and others,express the“sense of history”in the context of abstract speculation,and show the essential requirement of dialectics to realize the“specialization of universal things”.Marx had a profound insight into the times when social historical creation factors were given priority,refused to interpret dialectic cognitive thinking from subjectivism and formalism,turned Hegel's“abstract-historical thinking”into“realistic-historical thinking”,and clarified the new realm of dialectics oriented by returning to the life world.