1368-1945年曲靖坝子水环境演变及其驱动力研究

Study onWater Environment Evolution and Its Driving Force in Qujing Basin from 1368 to 1945

明清以来,云贵高原内部的湖沼湿地水体发生严重萎缩乃至消亡。通过历史地貌学方法,对1368—1945年间曲靖坝子湖沼湿地演变过程进行研究,成功复原了5个时间断面的曲靖坝子水环境情形。复原结果显示,过去600年间曲靖坝子高原湖沼湿地天然景观萎缩,逐渐形成以高原圩田水网为代表的现代农业景观。这一演变过程受到自然因素的明显制约,但人类活动才是导致演变的主要驱动力。其中,元、明两代为加强边疆控制,于云贵高原大规模推行屯田政策,开启了曲靖水环境的转变过程;随着全国和区域人口压力上升,外来移民涌入与本地人口增长为曲靖水环境变迁提供了持续动力;而圩田、河道治理等技术相继引入与运用,则改变了曲靖坝子的土地利用模式,加速了区内湖沼消亡。这一案例表明,明清以来云贵高原坝区日益激烈的人地矛盾,是导致天然湖沼湿地逐步消亡的主要原因。

Since the Ming and Qing Dynasty,the lakes and marshes in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau have been seriously shrunk or even extinguished.In this paper,the evolution process of wetland in Qujing Basin from 1368 to 1945 was reconstructed and the water environment of Qujing Basin with 5 times sections was successfully restored.The result of restoration shows that the natural landscape of plateau-marsh wetland in Qujing Basin has shrunk over the past 600 years and the modern agricultural landscape represented by plateau polder with water network has gradually formed.This evolution process was apparently restricted by natural factors,but human activities were the main driving force for it.Since the Yuan and Ming Dynasty,Tuntian Policy had been implemented in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to strengthen border control and initiated the process of environmental transformation in Qujing water environment.Later,with the increase of national and regional population pressure,the migration and population growth provided a continuous power for the change of water environment in Qujing.However,the introduction and application of polder field and river management technology changed the land use mode of Qujing flatland(bazi,坝子)and accelerated the extinction of lakes and marshes in the area.This case reflects that the increasingly fierce human-earth conflict in the basin area of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau since Ming and Qing Dynasties was the main reason that leads to the gradual extinction of natural lake-marsh wetlands.