“用户-平台”关系中告知同意规则修正的路径选择

Approaches for the Improvement of the Informed Consent Rule Under the Users-platform Relationship

“用户-平台”关系是不平等的信息关系,在用户与平台间存在难以弥补的信息不对称,致使告知同意难以发挥应有的规则实效。弱势者赋权、强势者限权和强势者问责是个人信息保护的三条进路,在告知同意规则内分别映射出合同改良方案、数据信托方案和规制问责方案。合同改良方案立足于用户的个人信息自决,依托关系型契约理论提出隐私协议标准化与增进有效同意的技术性修正;数据信托方案将用户与平台间的关系定位为信托关系,通过对平台施加信义义务实现重配二者责任的结构性改良;规制问责方案在提倡合作规制的同时将重点置于对平台的元规制及可责性原则,限缩同意为信息处理之允许、强调告知作为平台自我规制的自律标准,以个人信息保护影响评估展开“对自我规制的再规制”。三种方案之中的公私法色彩各有不同,未来可以合同改良方案开展内部技术修正,以规制问责方案强化外部实施效果,弱化告知同意在个人信息处理合法性基础中的核心地位,从而落实“用户-平台”关系中信息采集的合法性原则。

The“users-platform”relationship is an imbalanced information relationship,with an irreparable information asymmetry between users and the platform,making it difficult for the informed consent rule to be workable.Empowerment,power limitation and accountability are three approaches for personal data protection.The contract improvement scheme,the information fiduciaries scheme and the regulatory accountability scheme are mapped respectively in the improvement of the informed consent rule.The first scheme is based on the information self-determination theory and the relational contract theory.It proposes technical amendments to standardise the information privacy policy and enhances effective consent.The second scheme re-positions the relationship between users and the platform as a trust relationship and imposes fiduciary obligations on the platform.The third scheme,while advocating cooperative regulation,focuses on meta regulation of the platform and its responsibilities,restricting consent as an opt-in rule for data processing,and emphasizing notification as platform self-regulation standards,carrying out meta regulation based on the Data Protection Impact Assessment.Public and private laws play different roles among the three schemes.This paper suggests that the contract improvement scheme could be used as an internal improvement,and the regulation accountability scheme could be used as an external measure to revise informed consent rule.Besides,it is essential to reconsider the legal position of the informed consent rule.