历史场阈中的目连戏研究——目连戏的形成、传播及青海民间遗存

A Study of the Mulian Operain the Historical Field——The Formation and Spread of Mulian Opera,its Folk Remains in Qinghai

目连戏是中国戏剧的源头,被称为“戏祖”“戏母”。自北宋杂剧以来,中国戏剧开辟了一片崭新的天地,经过一千多年的发展,终于成为中国传统艺术百花园中的一枝奇葩,发展出了数百个剧种,成为中国传统文化的特色名片。中国目连戏的发展史实际上也是中国戏剧史的一个缩影。青海民和回族土族自治县麻地沟村是中国目连戏在空间传播上的最西界,当地保存的手抄本《目连宝卷》,是目前国内唯一一部首尾保存齐全的连戏剧本,入选了青海省级非物质文化遗产保护项目,麻地沟官庄村民王存瑚老人被批准为该项目的非遗传承人。青海目连戏已中断演出七十多年,随着王存瑚老人的去世,该剧已几近消亡。但历史传承脉络仍然可以从手抄本和当地村民们的口承资料中进行梳理,从而还原出该剧的历史面貌,对河湟民俗文化的深刻影响,以及在社会转型过程中目连文化圈的演变和语境质变等文化信息。

Mulian Opera is the total source of Chinese drama,known as"opera ancestor"and"opera mother",Since the Zaju of the Northern Song Dynasty,Chinese drama has opened a brand new world.For more than a thousand years of development,it has finally become one gardenwith hundreds of flowersin Chinese traditional arts,and hundreds of traditional Opera have developed.Which have become the special business cardsb of Chinese traditional culture.The development history of Chinese mulian drama is actually also a miniature Chinese drama history.Ma digou Village,Minhe Hui and Tu Autonomous County of Qinghai,is the westernmost boundary of the spatial transmission of Chinese Mulianopera.The locally preserved manuscript"Mulian Treasure Scroll"is believed to be the only Mulian Opera in China that has been completely preserved from beginning to end.Local saved manuscripts"Mulian baojuan"according to think is the present domestic only a fore and aft preserved complete the Mulian Opera script.Selected into the Qinghai intangible cultural heritage protection project,Qinghai Mulian Opera has not been performed for more than 70 years.With the passing of old man Wang Cunhu,the play has almost died out.However,the historical inheritance can still be sorted out from the manuscripts and oral materials of local villagers,so as to restore the historical appearance of the play,the profound influence on Hehuang folk culture,and the evolution and development of the Mulian cultural circle in the process of social transformation,Contextual qualitative change and other cultural information.