内外关系视角下生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿制度的完善

On Improvement of the Punitive Damages System for Eco-environmental Torts from Perspective of Internal and External Relations

生态环境公益诉讼惩罚性赔偿制度的正当性基础在于其能够弥补补偿性赔偿在救济生态环境公共利益时的功能缺陷,并兼容于民事法的权利逻辑体系。公益诉讼惩罚性赔偿与私益诉讼惩罚性赔偿并立构成了我国生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿制度的二元模式,但二者在实体权利基础方面的本质差异导致它们在责任成立、责任范围以及赔偿金归属等实然层面的具体规范构造存在区别。作为大陆法系国家传统部门法分立式法律责任体系的“外来因素”,惩罚性赔偿制度在替代或者补充公法制裁发挥威慑作用的同时,也容易导致法律责任的功能重复或者总和过度问题。为了实现最佳的责任威慑效果,有必要基于整体主义视角探究生态环境损害法律责任体系化的基础命题,妥善处理好惩罚性赔偿制度的内部关系和外部关系。

The basis for the legitimacy of punitive damages system in eco-environmental public interest litigation lies in its ability to compensate for the functional deficiencies of compensatory damages in the relief of eco-environmental public interest,and its compatibility with the logical system of civil law rights.Punitive damages for public interest litigation and for private interest litigation together constitute a dual system of punitive damages system for eco-environmental tort in China,but there are significant differences between the two in terms of substantive rights basis,establishment of liability,scope of liability and vesting of compensation,which lead to differences in their specific normative constructions at the real level.As the"external element"of the traditional sectoral legal liability system in civil law countries,the punitive damage system,while replacing or supplementing the deterrent effect of public law sanctions,also tends to lead to the duplication of legal liability functions or excessive sums.In order to achieve the best deterrent effect,it is necessary to explore the basic proposition of systematization of eco-environmental legal liability based on a holistic perspective,and properly deal with the internal and external relations of punitive damages system.