复杂社会中行政法的适应性——以卢曼系统论中的“观察”切入

The Adaptability of Administrative Law in Complex Societies——The“Observation”in Luhmann's System Theory

复杂社会的特点是知识碎片化与因果关系的不确定。复杂社会中,传统行政法的“条件程式”难以预置治理预案,直接托付裁量既易增殖政治系统有权/无权的符码,又易造成决策视野缩限。越发开放的行政法在诸多不确定中如何担保行政自主决定的正确性,适应环境变化,引发对作为稳定力量的传统行政法的重新认识。系统论中的“观察”作为适应性的正当基础具有解释力,即行政法应支持行政系统考虑多种决策选项对环境的影响,在决策后应持续观察环境的变化,并据此及时调适与回应。基于系统/环境的区分可释明行政法适应性的基本构造:一方面,激活对行政决定的后果考虑能力;另一方面,激活对公共环境变化的控制与回应能力。这一构造在现代行政法实践中已获证存真,并为行政法的调适指明方向:即在规范原则上,应确立行政法适应性原则;在规范构造上,侧重组织、程序规范的供给;在规范难点上,重视行政法中时间的重要性,以促进行政的认知能力结构化,增强其适应性。

Complex societies are characterized by fragmented knowledge and uncertain causality.In a complex society,the"conditional program"of traditional administrative law is difficult to pre-program governance,and direct delegation of discretion is likely to cause both an excessive increase in the power/no power symbols of the political system and a reduction in the horizon of decision-making.How to guarantee the correctness of autonomous administrative decisions in the face of uncertainties and adapt to changes in the environment in an increasingly open administrative law triggers a rethinking of the traditional administrative law as a stabilizing force.The explanatory power of"observation"in systemic theory as a legitimate basis for adaptability means that administrative law should support administrative systems to consider the impact of multiple decision options on the environment,to continuously observe changes in the environment after the decision is made,and to adapt and respond accordingly.The system/environment distinction explains the basic construct of administrative law adaptability:on the one hand,it activates the ability to consider the consequences of administrative decisions;on the other hand,it activates the ability to control and respond to changes in the public environment.This construct has been proved to exist in the practice of modern administrative law,and provides directions for the adaptation of administrative law:that is,in normative principles,the principle of adaptability of administrative law should be established;in normative construction,the focus should be on providing organizational and procedural norms;in normative dfficulties,the importance of time in administrative law should be emphasized in order to promote the cognitive ability of administration to structure and enhance its adaptability.