欧盟涉外人工智能侵权冲突规范的新发展

The New Development of EU Conflict Rule of International Artificial Intelligence Infringement

2020年《人工智能民事责任条例(草案)》是欧盟人工智能国际私法的最新发展,尤其第2条对涉外人工智能侵权准据法的确定具有重要意义,体现了欧盟涉外人工智能侵权冲突法之独立化发展趋向。然而,与《罗马条例Ⅱ》相比,欧盟涉外人工智能侵权冲突规范存在以下三组矛盾:第一,条文数量单一性与纠纷类型复杂性的矛盾。涉外人工智能侵权纠纷囊括人工智能侵权主体地位、人工智能财产权侵权、人工智能人格权侵权和人工智能其他侵权之争,但仅条例第2条可被用于确定涉外人工智能侵权的准据法;第二,纠纷性质特殊性与连结点同一性的矛盾。这不仅表现为第2条对涉外人工智能财产权侵权和人工智能人格权侵权冲突规范采取同一制,而且表现为对部分涉外人工智能侵权冲突规范和《罗马条例Ⅱ》冲突规范秉持同一制;第三,冲突规范统一化之理想与现实的矛盾。条例第2条适用的主体范围、地域范围和事项范围受限,无法化解所有涉外人工智能侵权准据法的确定难题。涉外人工智能侵权冲突规范宜采取区别制,人工智能侵权的不同方面分别适用不同的法律选择连结点。

The 2020 Proposal Regulation on Civil Liability of Artificial Intelligence is the latest development of EU private international law on artificial intelligence.In particular,article 2 is of great significance to the determination of applicable law for international artificial intelligence infringement,which reflects the independent development trend of EU conflict of laws on international artificial intelligence infringement.However,compared with the Rome II Regulation,there are following three groups of contradictions in the EU conflict rule of international artificial intelligence infringement.Firstly,there is a contradiction between the singularity of the number of clauses and the complexity of dispute styles.International artificial intelligence infringement disputes include debates on tort subject status of artificial intelligence,artificial intelligence infringement of property right,artificial intelligence infringement of personality right and other infringements of artificial intelligence.However,only article 2 of the regulation can be used to determine the applicable law for international artificial intelligence infringement.Secondly,there is a contradiction between the particularity of the nature of disputes and the identity of connection points.This is not only manifested that unitary system is adopted for international artificial intelligence infringement of property rights and personality rights in article 2,but also shown that part conflict rules of international artificial intelligence infringement and conflict rules in Rome II Regulation adhere to unitary system.Thirdly,there is a contradiction between the ideal and reality of the unification of conflict rules.The subject scope,geographical scope and matter scope applicable to article 2 of the regulation are limited,which cannot solve all the problems of determining the applicable law for international artificial intelligence infringement.Conflict rules of international artificial intelligence infringement should adopt the scission system.Different aspects of international artificial intelligence infringement apply to different connection points of choice of law.