敦煌舞谱“节拍型”新解

A New Interpretation on the“Tempo Types”in Dunhuang Dance Notation

敦煌舞谱的提示词主要用于规范节拍类型,古舞谱“拍”作为音乐单位,相当于现代音乐的小节。敦煌舞谱节拍类型可分为常规型和特殊型,“拍常”“慢二急三”“慢四急七”属常规节拍型。敦煌谱舞容一字的时值,“拍常”于紧曲中占二拍,慢曲中占四拍;“慢拍”于紧曲中占四拍,慢曲中占八拍;“急拍”皆占一拍。“令至据单”“掯”属特殊节拍型,是常规节拍的特殊变换。前者表达各谱段谱字“令”“摇”“奇”“头”依次占奇数拍,后者则是舞谱组合前后段联结时倒影、逆行的标识。最后,以P.3501《南歌子》、《凤归云》为例,解析提示词节拍与舞容对应规则。

In the performance art of Dunhuang,the cue words used in dance notation are also used to standardize the types of tempo at which the dance and music are to be performed.The tempo of ancient dance notation is indicated as a musical unit,equivalent to the measures of modern music.In Dunhuang dance notation there are two types of tempo,conventional and special.The conventional type includes paichang拍常(common,steady tempos),as well as the tempos called manerjisan慢二急三(two slow beats followed by three quick beats)and mansijiqi慢四急七(four slow beats followed by seven quick beats).The duration of a tempo is often counted by using the length of a single written or spoken character,which in ancient music denoted the tiniest unit of musical time.In music of a faster tempo,paichang is two beats,while in slower music it is four beats;in music of a quick tempo,manpai慢拍(slow tempo)is four beats,while in slower music it is eight beats.A third type of tempo-jipai急拍(hurried tempo)-is used in both types of music to indicate a fast beat.In addition to an analysis of different tempo speeds,this study has also made several discoveries about the use of specific characters in ancient Dunhuang dance notation.“Lingzhidatan”令至据单(each character stands for a different kind of tempo used in different sections of a musical piece)and ken are both special types of tempo that are a transformation from a conventional type of tempo.The former is used ters,ling令,yao摇,qi奇and tou头,each of which stands for a kind of wurong舞容,the facial expressions and physical gestures to be used while dancing,represent sequential behaviors in an odd beat.The latter,ken,indicates that two sections of a dance piece are to be connected by performing the previous set of motion again,but in reverse.Finally,this paper concludes with an analysis of the cue words,tempo and wurong in the songs Nangezi and Fenggui Yun in manuscript P.3501.