Pathogenesis of allergic diseases and implications for therapeutic interventions

Allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR), allergic asthma (AAS), atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy (FA), and eczema aresystemic diseases caused by an impaired immune system. Accompanied by high recurrence rates, the steadily rising incidence ratesof these diseases are attracting increasing attention. The pathogenesis of allergic diseases is complex and involves many factors,including maternal-fetal environment, living environment, genetics, epigenetics, and the body’s immune status. The pathogenesisof allergic diseases exhibits a marked heterogeneity, with phenotype and endotype defining visible features and associatedmolecular mechanisms, respectively. With the rapid development of immunology, molecular biology, and biotechnology, manynew biological drugs have been designed for the treatment of allergic diseases, including anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE), antiinterleukin(IL)-5, and anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)/IL-4, to control symptoms. For doctors and scientists, it is becomingmore and more important to understand the influencing factors, pathogenesis, and treatment progress of allergic diseases. Thisreview aimed to assess the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions of allergic diseases, including AR, AAS, AD,and FA. We hope to help doctors and scientists understand allergic diseases systematically.