《康熙皇舆全览图》中的青藏高原图景及其意义

On the Qinghai-Tibet Map and Its Meaning from the Overview Maps of Imperial Territories During Kangxi’s Reign

《康熙皇舆全览图》是18世纪问世的一幅清朝疆域地图,其中的青藏高原地貌图像是由藏传佛教高僧达喇嘛楚儿沁藏布兰占巴绘制而成,为清廷认识和了解18世纪青藏高原区域结构和自然地理的重要窗口,亦是近代中华民族共同体历史形成和清中央与西藏地方隶属关系的重要依据。通过对藏汉相关历史文献的解读,分析了《康熙皇舆全览图》中青藏高原地貌图像的特征、内容及相关信息,指出康熙皇帝绘制这幅地图的目的和意义,考证了绘制该地图者达喇嘛楚儿沁藏布兰木占巴的生平事迹。认为达喇嘛楚儿沁藏布兰木占巴是一位出生于安多地区的格鲁派高僧,在清廷钦天监学习西洋数学和地图测绘技术后,利用经纬坐标方法绘制了以山川为坐标的从“上部阿里三围”至“朵康”间的大部分青藏高原自然图景,并将山川、河流等名称以藏语满文转写,既符合翻译学基本准则,又便于满清统治阶层接受和采用。因此,该地图的绘制使清政府加深了对涉藏地区自然地理的认识,并进一步促进了清朝中央与西藏地方之间的政治、经济、文化等方面的交往交流与交融。同时,运用文献资料、图像对勘和比较法,对地图中的山川、古堡、寺庙等进一步作了考证和辨别,挖掘了其中的历史地理信息,进而指出这幅地图的学术价值和现实意义。

Overview Maps of Imperial Territories During Kangxi’s Reign is one of the most precious maps in Chinese history,among the map of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is made by the Da-bLa-Ma-Tshul-Khrims-bZang-Po-Rab-´Byams-Pa,who lived in the Forbidden City in the 18th century.It is an indispensable data in the research of historical and geographical cognition of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since there is no record of this map in the current historical study of the Tibetan Plateau.This paper analyzes the contents of the map of Tibetan Plateau and its related historical and geographic information in Overview Maps of Imperial Territories During Kangxi’s Reign through some historical documents in both Tibetan and Chinese.The political reasons and purpose of emperor Kangxi drawing this map are emphasized.And through the life of Da-bLa-Ma-Tshul-Khrims-bZang-Po-Rab-´Byams-Pa,pointed out that he was a dGe-Lugs sect monk in the Tao,Min and the areas of the border of Chinese and Tibetan inhabited places.In Qing Bureau of Astronomy learning western mathematics and map surveying and mapping technology,he used longitude coordinates method,drawing Ali,Yangtze river and the Yellow River.The article also discusses in detail about the influence of the eminent monk on the political and cultural exchanges between the Qing central government and the local government of Tibet.It uses the method of literature and map comparison to conduct the research of the landscape,city site and temple in the map to fill the gap of the Tibetan geographical understanding.It reflects the historical value of this map as an important tool for the Qing government and the Western countries to deeply understand the Tibetan Plateau and Himalayas.Extending the important role of this map in the cultural exchanges between the East and the West,and the embodiment of the cohesion of the Chinese nation.