从la类助词的分化来分析安多方言中不自由虚词的音变

The Internal Classification and Phonetic Changes of la Auxiliary Words in Amdo Tibetan Dialect

藏文有八格,其中第一格“体格”(ngo bo tsam ston pa)和第八格“呼格”(vbod pa)无需添加格助词,其余六格中除了从格(vbyung khungs)外其它皆由la类助词和gi类助词(属格和具格)表示。安多藏语方言中,la类助词在语法功能上与《三十颂》中的描述无本质差别,但助词内部与文法书所写存在一定的差异。方言中不存在文法书中所列的la类助词su、du、tu、ru和ra,而只有附在名词后面的la和na,以及极具方言特色且只能附置于动词之后的/ne/和/ka/。其中/ne/一般用于主动语态的句子中,而/ka/用于使动语态的句子中。附在动词后的/ka/还有两个变体,既/nɡa/和/ɣa/,其中/ka/附在辅音韵尾为/k/、/t/、/p/、/r/的词之后,/nɡa/附置在辅音韵尾为鼻辅音/ŋ//n//m/的词之后,而/ɣa/附置在开音节的词之后。除了la类助词有“不自由虚词”(phrad gzhan dbang can)特性外,安多方言中gi类助词也具有这种特性,根据不同的语音条件存在三种不同的格助词/kə//nɡə/和/ɣə/,更为重要的是这两类格助词在安多方言中的语音变体条件相同。此外,与《三十颂》相比,方言中la类助词la、na以及/ne/和/ka/三类助词在使用上有一定的习惯性和倾向性。其中la用于表示行为动作的目标或目的以及附属于有生命物体的特性等;na表示处所或方位;/ne/和/ka/主要用于连接动词和助动词连动结构中。

The“la”case-markers in Amdo dialect has no essential difference in semantic role from that described in the Tibetan grammar“Sum-Cu-Pa”,that is,indicate dative,benefactive,lacative etc.But there are not case-markers like su,du,tu,ru,and ra in the Amdo dialect.Only la and na used after nouns and/ne/and/ka/(/nɡa//ɣa/)which are dialectal in nature and used after verbs.These three types of case-markers in dialects have a certain habit and tendency,where la is used to indicate the goal or purpose of the behavior,and what characteristics the living object has na indicates the location or orientation;/ne/used after the verb indicates the voluntary action,and/ka/(/nɡa//ɣa/)indicates behavior in passive situations.