从菲尔墨格语法谈藏语格范畴

From Philomer Grammar to Tibetan Case Category

Fillmore格语法是美国语言学家米勒德•菲尔莫尔(Millard Fillmore)在20世纪60年代提出来的。Fillmore认为Chomsky提出来的深层结构的语法关系实际上属于表层结构的主谓概念,而“格”才是真正深层结构中的语法关系。格是普遍存在于所有语言中的“格功能”或“格关系”。通过研究发现,藏语传统语法中所提到的格结构体与Fillmore格语法理论中的格之间有着极其相似之处,比如,Fillmore提出的施事格、与格、方位格对应藏语传统格语法的作格、业格与依格。格语法的中心是动词,每个动词都可支配一定的格。藏语传统文法,亦是如此,把格助词作为虚词中的一个特殊成分,用格助词来表达名词或名词性成分与动词之间的关系,是构成句子的重要成分。但从计算语言学来说,藏语语法存在着重义轻形的问题,即缺乏对句子结构的分析方法。因此,通过比较研究方法阐述Fillmore格语法与藏语传统语法之间的关系,提出了一种新的研究方法,即句法语义一体化。用此来揭示主语、宾语等句法成分跟施事、受事等语义成分之间的连接规则,证实了句法语义一体化才能使藏语语法和英汉语法一样变得结构化及系统化。相对于标准语法而言,格语法研究方法更适合去描述藏语语言的特点,故将该研究方法应用到藏语言的教学和研究中,这对藏语语法研究和藏语自然语言处理具有一定的启示意义。

Fillmore case grammar was proposed by American linguist Millard Fillmore in the 1960s.Fillmore believes that the grammatical relationship of deep structure proposed by Chomsky actually belongs to the subject predicate concept of surface structure,and“case”is the grammatical relationship in the real deep structure.Case is a“case function”or“case relation”that exists universally in all languages.Through research,it is found that the case structure mentioned in Tibetan traditional grammar is very similar to the case in Fillmore’s case grammar theory.For example,Fillmore’s agent case,dative case and orientation case correspond to the ergative case,ergative case and evidential case of Tibetan traditional case grammar.The center of case grammar is the verb,and each verb can control a certain case.The same is true of Tibetan traditional grammar,which regards case particle as a special component of function words,and uses case particle to express the relationship between nouns or nominal components and verbs,which is an important component of sentences.However,from the perspective of computational linguistics,Tibetan grammar has the problem of emphasizing meaning over form,that is,it lacks the analysis method of sentence structure.Therefore,this paper expounds the relationship between Fillmore case grammar and Tibetan traditional grammar through comparative research methods,and finally proposes a new research method,that is,the integration of syntax,French and semantics.This is used to reveal the connection rules between the syntactic components such as subject and object and the semantic components such as agent and patient,and to prove that the integration of syntax,French and semantics can make Tibetan grammar as structured and systematic as English and Chinese grammar.Compared with standard grammar,case grammar is more suitable for describing the characteristics of Tibetan language.Therefore,applying this research method to Tibetan language teaching and research has certain guiding significance for Tibetan grammar research and Tibetan natural language processing,and can make practical contributions to Tibetan language teaching.