宅基地“三权分置”实现的研究综述与展望

Research progress and prospect of“three rights separation”of rural homestead

宅基地“三权分置”是新一轮宅基地制度改革的核心内容,本文总结了自2018年来宅基地“三权分置”实现研究的演进趋势及研究热点,尝试系统梳理宅基地“三权分置”实现研究进展,展望未来研究方向,为后续宅基地“三权分置”研究提供参考。结果表明:(1)宅基地三权分置实现研究,已从单一的实现路径研究,向实现困境、实现机制、实现模式、实现路径多维度研究转变,研究内容日渐深化,研究方法日趋创新。(2)宅基地三权分置实现总体面临权属、法律和现实三大困境,这在一定程度上制约了宅基地“三权分置”制度顺利实现;宅基地三权分置实现总体需要建立所有权、资格权和使用权之间的三大平衡机制和“共享型”收益分配机制;宅基地三权分置总体存在“所有权运作+一次性补偿”“资格权退出+指标交易”“使用权流转+社会资本进入”三种实现模式。(3)总体看,宅基地三权分置实现应从落实宅基地集体所有权、保障宅基地农户资格权、放活宅基地使用权三方面入手,强化宅基地三权分置实现的风险管控研究。随着乡村振兴深入实施和共同富裕目标的提出,未来也应强化乡村振兴下宅基地“三权分置”实现和宅基地“三权分置”与促进农民共同富裕关系等方面的研究。

Three rights separation of homestead is the core content of the new round of homestead system reform.This paper summarizes the evolution trend and research hotspots of the research on the realization of the“separation of three rights”of homestead since 2018,attempting to systematically sort out the research progress of the realization of the“separation of three rights”of homestead for highlighting future research directions and providing references for the follow-up research on the“three rights separation”of homestead.The results show that:(1)The research on the realization of the separation of three rights of homestead has changed from a single realization path to a multi-dimensional research on realization dilemma,realization mechanism,realization mode and realization path,with the research content deepening and the research methods becoming more and more innovative.(2)The realization of three rights separation of homestead is generally faced with three major dilemmas:ownership,law and reality,which restricts the smooth realization of the“three rights separation”system of homestead to a certain extent;To realize the three rights separation of homestead,it is necessary to establish three balanced mechanisms among ownership,qualification and use rights and a“sharing”income distribution mechanism;There are three realization modes for three rights separation of homestead:“ownership planning+one-time compensation”“qualification right withdrawal+index transaction”and“use right circulation+Social Capital Entry”.(3)In general,the realization of three rights separation of homestead should start from three aspects:implementing the collective ownership of homestead,ensuring the qualification rights of homestead farmers,and liberalizing the right to use homestead,so as to strengthen the research on risk management and control of the realization of three rights separation of homestead.With the in-depth implementation of rural revitalization and the proposal of the goal of common prosperity,we should also strengthen the research on the realization form of“three rights separation”of homestead under rural revitalization and the relationship between“three rights separation”of homestead and promoting farmers common prosperity in the future.