种植规模及管理水平对澳洲坚果产量的影响

Effects of Planting Scale and Management Level on Macadamia Nut Yield

采用文献综述法、田间观测法、面对面交流法、会议座谈法等方法,分析澳洲坚果主产国、国内、云南省的种植规模、产量、基地建设与管理现状,剖析种植规模及管理水平对澳洲坚果产量的影响。结果表明:云南是世界澳洲坚果种植面积最大的地区,种植面积约占全国的90%,占世界的54.3%,但产量仅占世界产量的17.4%。种植基地的施肥管理、整形修剪和病虫害发生是澳洲坚果优质高效生产的关键限制因素。种植散户年均施肥次数为1.6次,变异系数为31.3%;以全年4次施肥的青皮果产量最高达8490 kg/hm2,化肥和有机肥同时施用的产量显著高于只施有机肥的产量;经过整形和修剪的果树其产量较放任树产量提高246%,只经过整形未加修剪的果树产量显著下降50%;蓟马、果锈病、蝽类危害日益加重,蓟马危害会导致种植园产量降低21.3%,蝽类危害导致坏果率在0~12.3%,平均坏果率为4.68%。澳洲坚果优质高效生产的解决途径首先要在种植环节夯实产业基础,提高林农科学意识,加强澳洲坚种植园施肥管理、整形修剪管理、及时做好病虫害防治,有效提高澳洲坚果单产水平;其次加强澳洲坚果的科技支撑,建立高标准优质高效生产示范基地,构建优质高效管理模式;坚持适度发展的原则,规范基地管理,做好基地提质增效;提高组织化程度,紧密林农、合作组织、龙头企业的利益联结机制。

Planting area,nut yield,plantation management were analyzed of main producing countries,China and Yunnan Province by using the methods of reference review,field investigation,face-to-face communication,and conference discussion.The effects of planting scale and management level on the nut yield of Macadamia were evaluated.The results showed Yunnan had become the largest planting area of Macadamia in the world,which the planting area had accounted to about 90%of China and 54.3%of the world,but the nut production(in-shell)was only 17.4%of the world.Soil fertilizer management,shaping and pruning technology and pest occurrence of plantation were the key limiting factors for efficient production with high quality for Macadamia.The average annual fertilization frequency of individual farmers was 1.6 times,and the coefficient of variation was 31.3%.The yield of nut in husk fertilized 4 times per year was up to 8490 kg per hectare.The yield of nut in husk of applying chemical and organic fertilizer was significantly higher than that of only applying organic fertilizer.The yield of nut in husk on young Macadamia trees shaped was 246%higher than that of unmanaged trees,and the yield of pruned trees was 50%higher than that of unmanaged trees.Thrips,rust disease and stink bugs were becoming more and more harmful,which thrips harm reduced nut production by 21.3%,bug harm led to bad nut rate of 0-12.3%,and the average rate was 4.68%.Integrated solution towards efficient production with high quality for Macadamia were put forward.Firstly,to strengthen plantation construction with the soil fertilizer scientific management,shaping and pruning,and controlling pest,and to improve the scientific awareness of forest farmers to improve effectively the nut yield per hectare on Macadamia.Secondly,to strengthen the scientific and technological support,to establish a high quality demonstration plantation with high-standard and efficient production,and to build an efficient technology mode with high quality.Thirdly,to insist on moderate development,to standardize the inputs and to improve the quality and efficiency of the plantation.Lastly,to improve the organization degree,close the interest connection mechanism of forests and farmers,cooperative organizations and leading enterprises.