刑事特别没收处理措施的困局与重构——以我国《刑法》第64条为切入点

Dilemma and reconstruction of criminal special confiscation measures-- taking Article 64 of China's"Criminal Law"as the starting point

对于我国《刑法》第64条规定的刑事特别没收处理措施的理解与适用,在立法、司法和学理领域均存在一定偏差且互相龃龉,需要厘清及重构。刑事特别没收是对物独立的实体处分措施,与犯罪人的罪责和人身危险性无关。追缴和责令退赔是没收与返还的前置性程序处理措施,追缴和没收的适用对象包括违法所得、违禁品和供犯罪所用的本人财物,责令退赔和返还的适用对象包括违法所得和供犯罪所用的本人财物。责令退赔是追缴的替代保全措施,应优先适用追缴。追缴或责令退赔而来的利益应优先返还被害人,余下部分予以没收。没收后仍存在退还原权利人的可能性。

For the understanding and application of criminal special confiscation measures stipulated in Article 64 of China's"Criminal Law",there are certain deviations and conflicts in the fields of legislation,justice and academic theory,which need to be clarified and reconstructed.Criminal special confiscation is an independent physical disposition measure,which has nothing to do with the criminal's guilt and personal danger.Recovering and ordering compensation are pre-procedural measures for confiscation and return.The applicable objects of recovery and confiscation include illegal income,contraband and personal property used for crimes,and the applicable objects of ordering compensation and return include illegal income and personal property used for crimes.Ordering compensation is an alternative preservation measure for the recovery,so the recovery should be applied first.The benefits obtained from the recovery or ordering compensation should be returned to the victim first,and the rest should be confiscated.After confiscation,there is still the possibility of returning to the original right holder.