正义:平等的分配还是贡献——保罗·冈伯格的贡献正义理论研究

Justice:Equal Distribution or Contribution Study on Paul Gomberg's Contributive Justice

针对正义理论传统中占据主导的分配正义观念,冈伯格指出,在市场经济条件下不可能实现收入和财富的平等分配,而不平等的分配必然带来伤害;平等的机会实则是平等竞争的机会,只要机会是竞争的,就不可能是平等的,而不平等的机会分配一定是非正义的。反转以“应得”为中心的进路,冈伯格坚持使所有劳动者都能获得幸福生活的正义理念,参照马克思的共产主义正义,将“贡献”置于正义的核心,构想了由社会心理奖励驱动的非市场的社会组织方式,设计了分享劳动方案,勾画出一个贡献正义的社会。贡献正义理论虽然没有摆脱“理性谋划”的拘囿,但在一定意义上揭示出实现劳动正义是满足人民美好生活需要的核心内容。

Paul Gomberg put forward a thorough criticism on Rawls'egalitarian view of distributive justice,pointing out that as long as the center of justice is“what can we get from society”,it will inevitably cause competition and lead to inevitable harm;as long as opportunities are competitive,they cannot be equal;the creation of a society where all workers can flourish requires the elimination of capitalism.With the inversion of“income”centered approach and according to Marx's communism justice“the free development of everyone is the condition for the free development of all people”and“everyone tries his best,and allocates according to their needs”,Gomberg put“contribution”at the core of justice,conceived a non-market way of social organization driven by the social psychological rewards,designed to share labor practices,and outlined a society with contributive justice.Although the theory of contributive justice does not get rid of the constraint of“rational planning”,in a certain sense,it suggests that the realization of labor justice is the core content to meet the needs of people's better life.