氮肥增效剂对石灰性潮土氨挥发及冬小麦产量的影响

Effects of different fertilizer synergists on ammonia volatilization loss and yield of winter wheat in a calcareous fluvo-aquic soil

石灰性土壤由于偏碱性的特点容易发生氨挥发,严重的氨挥发会导致氮肥资源的浪费,而且会污染大气环境。在河南省许昌市的石灰性潮土上开展小麦季氮肥增效剂应用效果试验,氮肥用量180 kg/hm^(2),研究4个肥料处理:无化肥氮(CK)、常规尿素(U)、脲酶抑制剂尿素(URI)和硝化抑制剂尿素(NIF)对华北典型石灰性潮土冬小麦整个生育期氨挥发及小麦产量的影响。结果表明,各处理土壤氨挥发速率峰值均出现在小麦播种施肥后第3周,其大小顺序为:U>NIF>URI>CK。U处理下的土壤氨挥发速率峰值比NIF处理和URI处理分别高2.27%和21.84%,NIF处理比URI处理土壤氨挥发速率峰值高19.13%;而小麦整个生育期氨挥发累积量的大小顺序为:NIF>U>URI>CK。整个小麦生育期,3个施氮处理氨挥发损失量均较低,仅为施氮量的1.18%~1.58%。与常规尿素U处理相比,URI处理与NIF处理氨挥发均无显著降低或增加,但NIF比URI显著增加了氨挥发量。与U处理相比,URI处理和NIF处理显著提高小麦的穗数、千粒重和产量,其中URI处理比U处理产量和氮肥利用率分别显著提升14.9%和19.7%,NIF处理分别显著提升25.9%和28.6%。在本研究土壤及施肥管理条件下,虽然硝化抑制剂比脲酶抑制剂促进了氨挥发,但整个冬小麦生育期各处理氨挥发总量都较低,氨挥发量占施肥量的比例均不足2%;硝化抑制剂(CP)尿素在小麦增产中的效益显著高于脲酶抑制剂(NBPT),具有推广应用价值。

Ammonia volatilization is an important way of nitrogen loss in calcareous soil.Severe ammonia volatilization will lead to a waste of nitrogen fertilizer resources and atmospheric environmental pollution.A field experiment was carried out to test ammonia volatilization of the winter wheat growing stages and winter wheat yield affected by nitrogen fertilizer synergists in a calcareous fluvo-aquic soil of Xuchang county,Henan Province.The field experiment was designed with four treatments:CK(without nitrogen fertilizer applied),urea only(U),urea with urease inhibitor(URI)and urea with nitrification inhibitor(NIF).The results showed that the peak value of soil ammonia volatilization rate of different treatments appeared at 3rd week after fertilization,and it ranked as U>NIF>URI>CK.The maximum value of soil ammonia volatilization rate of the U treatment was 2.27%higher than that of the NIF treatment,and 21.84%higher than that of the URI treatment.The peak ammonia volatilization rate of the NIF treatment was 19.13%higher than that of the URI treatment.The order of ammonia volatilization accumulation of the four treatments during the winter wheat growing stages was CK<URI<U<NIF.Compared with the U treatment,ammonia volatilization accumulation of the URI treatment and the NIF treatment were not significantly decreased or increased.The ammonia volatilization loss rate of the three treatments with nitrogen fertilization were only ranged from 1.18%to 1.58%.Compared with the U treatment,the URI and NIF treatments significantly increased thousand grain weight and wheat yield.The wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency of the URI treatment significantly increased by 14.9%and 19.7%,and NIF significantly increased by 25.9%and 28.6%,respectively.To sum up,only a limited ammonia volatilization loss(<2%)was detected in the winter wheat growth stage under the soil environment and fertilization management.The nitrification inhibitor CP has good market value for development and application,which showed the greater yield increase than urease inhibitor in the calcareous soil.