蒙古国草地农业及对我国的启示

The grassland agriculture of Mongolia and its capacity to inform development in China

蒙古国作为我国北部邻国,拥有丰富的草地资源,是世界上将草地畜牧业作为支柱产业的少数几个国家之一。本研究基于文献资料和统计数据,从制度变革、草地资源、畜牧产业发展等多个角度全面分析蒙古国草地农业发展现状,并对比分析了与中国内蒙古自治区的差异。蒙古国草地农业经历了3次制度改革,自1990年进入了转型后的草地畜牧业时期,至今仍保留草地公有、家畜私有的产权制度。在气候变化、不合理利用、农田和城市扩张以及采矿污染等影响下,草地面积不断减少,草地生态退化日趋严重。蒙古国五畜结构维持着相对稳定的状态,但区域差异较大,且家畜总量的增长率远高于内蒙古。近年来,蒙古国畜牧业从业人口老龄化问题尤为显著,畜牧业在产业结构中的地位逐步下降,产业发展体系也亟待完善。最后本研究提出蒙古国草地农业发展的相关对策,并总结了对我国草地农业发展的启示。

Mongolia borders on northern China,has abundant grassland resources and grassland-based livestock husbandry is the pillar industry there.Based on the literature and statistical data,this study surveys the development status of grassland agriculture in Mongolia from three aspects:reform of the pastoral institutional system,the grassland resources,and the development of a grazing-based livestock industry.Our study also analyzes the differences between Mongolia and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China.Grassland agriculture in Mongolia has undergone three stages of institutional reforms,the post-transformation period began at 1990 and is ongoing till now.The grassland itself is collectively owned and the livestock is privately owned.Under the influences of climate change,over exploitation of grassland,expansion of cultivated land and urban areas,and mining pollution,the grassland area has decreased and the ecological status of the grassland is gradually deteriorating.The proportions for each of Mongolia’s five categories of livestock remain stable but with regional variability and differences.The growth in total livestock numbers is much higher in Mongolia than in Inner Mongolia,China.In recent years,the grazing-based livestock husbandry has faced a problem of an aging population.As a result,the proportion of animal husbandry output value within the national economy has gradually declined and the industrial chain urgently needs to be improved.Finally,this study proposes implications for Mongolia and offers information relevant to the development of grassland agriculture in China.