解构与解释的分野--论德里达对“善良意志”的批判

The Distinction between Deconstruction and Interpretation:On Derrida’s Critique of“Good Will”

自海德格尔以来,诠释活动被广泛地视为此在的生存本体论运动。也正是在此意义上,德里达与伽达默尔的“德法之争”是关于处于解构思想与解释学交集中的诠释的一次正面交锋。而伽达默尔提出的“善良意志”以及德里达对其的批判,是正确理解两种学说对诠释的不同理解的起点。伽达默尔的关键概念“善良意志”首先可以辨识出善良意志同解释学意义之间互为保障的亲密关系,以德里达的回应文本为线索,梳理其在场域、形式、目的三个层面对善良意志的批判;其次通过对海德格尔文本的回溯,可以揭示“德法之争”中解释与解构的错位正是源于海氏对语言、意义和此在理解上的不同倾向;最后将该问题延伸至德里达对解释学理论的深层批判维度:时间问题。

Since Heidegger,hermeneutics has been widely seen as an existential ontological movement of Dasein.It is in this sense that the German-French debate between Derrida and Gadamer is a head-to-head encounter about interpretation‒at the intersection of deconstructive thought and hermeneutics.The“good will”proposed by Gadamer and Derrida’s criticism are the starting point for a correct understanding of the different interpretations of the two theories.Gadamer’s key concept of“good will”,first of all,it can identify the intimate relationship between good will and hermeneutic meaning,which guarantees each other,and uses Derrida’s response text as a clue to sort out its criticism of good will at three levels field,form,and purpose;secondly,through the retrospect of Heidegger’s text,it can be revealed that the dislocation of interpretation and deconstruction in the German-French dispute is due to Heidegger’s different inclinations in understanding language,meaning and ontology;finally,extending the question to Derrida’s deep critique of hermeneutic theory:the question of time.