道-德的形而上学——兼论士与哲学家之异同

The Metaphysics of Dao-De——On the Similarities and Differences between Shi and Philosopher

亚里士多德将形式与质料分离,最高的本原乃是无质料的纯形式,人对神只能是旁观的认知,道德无关于形而上学。儒家的最高本原之天则是理气一体,天气因变合因分化为万物而失道失序,天道则独存于人为性;人可据性理让万物复归于天道秩序,由此位天地、育万物、为天地之心,人世间的伦理实践同时即是天道流行不可或缺的一部分,这里是“道-德的形而上学”。进一步,人性并非初生一受而终生不变,道-德也不仅仅限于善恶之际,而是更有因物因学以成性成德、成更高之善的自身生成,由此才能更好地成物以合天道,这是生成的“道-德的形而上学”。由此,“为政以德”构成了政治的基础与士的起源,是政治的“道-德的形而上学”。

Aristotle separated form from matter.The arche is the pure form without any matter;and the human being can understand God only by observing from the sidelines.The Dao-De has nothing to do with metaphysics.The arche in Confucian school is Tian,which is constituted by Li and Qi.The Qi of Tian split up into all creation and lost its Dao and principle;but the Dao of Tian befell human as Xing.Human can let all creation return to the original order by its Xing,so it is the heart of Tian.Therefore,the human's ethical practice is the indispensable part of Tian Dao's running.This is“the metaphysics of Dao-De”。Furthermore,the human's Xing is not unchangeable,and it can be acquired and generated through long habits and studies;and Dao-De is not only between good and evil,but also can be changed into better and better;which makes up others and Tian better and better.This is the“the metaphysics of Dao-De in creating”.Therefore,it also constitutes the basis of politics and the origin of Shi,because governing is also on the basis of De.This is the“the metaphysics of Dao-De in politics”.