印度的族群关系治理机制及其困境评析

An Analysis of Governance Regimes for Ethnic Relations inIndia and Its Dilemma

族群冲突治理是独立后的印度一直面临的重要任务。印度政府在顶层设计上采用了族群联邦主义的制度安排,即通过给予聚居在特定地理范围的族群共同体一定程度上的自治,以承认它的族群特性。印度的族群联邦主义制度可以从横向和纵向两个维度审视。横向层面是指宪法中的特殊安排,纵向层面则涉及邦重组方式的不断演进、以族群联邦主义为指导思路治理族群冲突、延伸保留政策。印度的族群联邦主义制度成功地阻断了族群冲突,使危机或动乱能够局限在特定区域或邦的内部,从而使中央政府能够有效地管理和遏制冲突。然而,族群联邦主义安排也存在困境,具体表现为族群联邦主义针对水平类型和垂直类型的族群冲突治理效果有别、诱发自治诉求并带来族群冲突的泛化和联邦政府的实践、政党的狭隘化倾向会诱发冲突等问题。这种制度缺陷使印度的族群冲突呈现出了少有大冲突但小冲突多发的特点。

Managing ethnic conflicts is an important task that India has been facing since independence.The Indian government has adopted a system of ethnic federalism in its top-level design,recognizing the ethnic characteristics of specific communities by granting them a certain degree of autonomy in their geographical regions.The system of ethnic federalism in India can be examined from both horizontal and vertical dimensions.The horizontal dimension refers to special arrangements in constitution,while the vertical dimension involves the evolving process of state reorganization,governance of ethnic conflicts guided by ethnic federalism,and the extension of reservation policies.The system of ethnic federalism in India has successfully contained ethnic conflicts,limiting crises or turmoil in specific regions or states,allowing the central government to effectively manage and curb conflicts.However,the arrangement of ethnic federalism also faces challenges,including the differential effectiveness of managing horizontal and vertical types of ethnic conflicts,which has led to increased demands for autonomy and the generalization of ethnic conflicts.The practice of the federal government and the narrow-mindedness of political parties can also contribute to conflict.These institutional shortcomings have resulted in a situation where India experiences fewer large-scale ethnic conflicts but frequent smaller-scale conflicts.