数据不正当竞争行为的实质性替代标准

A Study on the Substantive Substitution Standard for Unfair Competition Cases of Data

实质性替代标准是数据不正当竞争行为的一种重要判断路径,在探究该标准内涵时,侵害信息网络传播权行为中的实质性替代标准可以与其进行词源比对,二者存在共同点,也因语境不同而存在差异。反不正当竞争法中盗用成果行为的规定与实质性替代标准具有保护对象、保护方式和保护原则的相似性,可以为实质性替代标准的适用提供框架参照。在适用结构上,对实质性替代标准的判断包括权益基础、行为要件和结果要件三方面内容。首先,被替代的数据集合必须具备权益基础,这要求数据收集者对相关数据集合进行了实质性的劳动投入和资金投入,数据集合包含实质性数量的数据条目,而无需考察数据收集者收集行为的合法性以及对数据集合是否采取保护措施;其次,替代行为具有不正当性,在区分数据使用行为和数据获取行为的基础上,可以分别考察数据使用行为是否缺乏实质性创新,是否未遵守比例原则中的适当性原则和必要性原则,是否不符合职业者的正常行为标准;最后,替代结果产生竞争损害,既损害了数据收集者的核心竞争力,对关涉其生存的关键业务和商业模式造成威胁,也破坏了良好的市场竞争秩序,减弱了市场的创新激励作用,违背了效能竞争原则。

Substantial substitution standard is an important judgment path for unfair competition of data.In exploring the connotation of this standard,the standard of"substantial substitution"in the infringement of the right of information network dissemination can be compared with its etymology,and they have common points and differences depending on the contexts.The theory of misappropriation in the anti-unfair competition law and the substantial substitution standard have similarities in the protection objects,protection methods and protection principles,which can provide a framework reference for the application of the substantial substitution standard.In terms of the structure of application,the judgment of substantial substitution standard contains three levels of steps:the basis of interest,the conduct element and the result element.First,the data collection being substituted has an interest base,which requires that the data collector has made a substantial labor or financial commitment in its data collection,that the data collection should have a substantial number of data entries,and that,in addition,there is no need to examine the legitimacy of the data collector's collection practices and the adoption of stewardship measures for the data collection;second,the substitution is unjustified,on the basis of the distinction between data use behavior and data acquisition behavior,it can be examined separately whether the data user's use behavior for data lacks substantial innovation,whether it fails to comply with the principles of appropriateness and necessity in the proportionality principle,and whether it does not meet the normal standard of conduct of a professional;and the third,substitution results in competitive harm that undermines the core competencies of data collectors,threatens the key business and business models that are critical to their survival,and undermines good market competition,reduces incentives for innovation in the market,and violates the principle of effective competition.