河南荥阳官庄遗址陶范物源及制作工艺分析

Analysis of the material sources and craftsmanship of bronze casting moulds unearthed from Guanzhuang site in Xingyang,Henan Province

为了解河南荥阳两周时期官庄城址出土陶范物源及其制作工艺,利用粒度、X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)、岩相分析法对官庄陶范、自然沉积地层土壤样品进行分析探讨。研究结果表明:1)制范原料取自于遗址文化层之下的晚更新世马兰黄土层,马兰黄土在用于制作陶范前经过了简单的人工淘洗,澄泥池与早期陶范制作中的原料淘洗环节有关;2)陶范制作过程中会加入少量草木灰及钙结核粉末作为羼合料以增加耐高温性能;3)容器范的面范、背范选料与制作工艺不同,面范主要选用马兰黄土,而背范材质则由马兰黄土与河砂混合而成,掺和比例约为7∶5;与工具范相比,容器范的优势粒径更偏细粒,显示不同器型的陶范加工工艺有所不同,而容器范制作更为精细;与早期陶范制作相比,晚期陶范制作相对粗糙,但差别不明显。4)双层范岩相特征结果指示面、背范存在不同制作工艺。面范在制作过程中是经淘洗选取100μm以下较细颗粒的马兰黄土作为原料,有定向修整的痕迹;而背范则由粗细两部分矿物混合制成,未见明显处理加工痕迹。

Guanzhuang site is located in the west of Guanzhuang Village,Gaocun Township,Xingyang City,Henan Province.From the site,more than 3000 pottery moulds have been unearthed,with various types,including the moulds for containers,tools,chariots,weapons,money and core,etc.According to the types and decorations of pottery moulds and the characteristics of co-existing pottery,the pottery moulds of Guanzhuang site can be divided into two periods—PhaseⅠdating from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period,and phaseⅡconsidered between the early and middle Spring and Autumn Period.The change of bronze ware styles from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period was important in the development of ancient Chinese bronze wares.Due to the lack of archaeological data,research on pottery moulds during the two-week period was still insufficient;discussion of the important issue of standardizing the sources of raw materials was also relatively weak.Environmental archaeology has relatively mature methods and practices in depositional dynamics,depositional processes and provenance tracing,which could provide new ideas for further in-depth discussions on this issue.In order to understand the material sources and craftsmanship of pottery moulds unearthed from Guanzhuang site in Xingyang,Henan Province,samples of Guanzhuang pottery moulds and natural sedimentary strata were studied using particle size analysis,XRF and petrographic analysis to give the following results.1)The raw materials for mould-making were taken from the late Pleistocene Malan loess layer under the cultural layer of the site.The Malan loess underwent simple manual elutriation before being used to make pottery moulds.2)A small amount of plant ash and calcium nodule powder was added during the production process of pottery moulds as an admixture to increase the high-temperature resistance.3)The inner side of pottery mould for container was mainly made of Malan loess,while the outer one was made of a mixture of Malan loess and river sand with a blending ratio of about 7∶5.Pottery moulds for various ware types had different processing techniques(e.g.,moulds for containers were more refined).Besides,compared with early pottery moulds,later ones are relatively rougher,but the difference is not obvious.4)The petrographic characteristics of double-layer container moulds indicate that there are different production processes for the inner and outer sides of mould.The inner side was made of Malan loess with finer particles—below 100μm—as the raw material after elutriation,and there were traces of directional trimming.The outer one was made of a mixture of two parts of minerals(coarse and fine),and there was no obvious processing trace.Analysis of sample particle size is a new attempt to discuss the material sources of pottery moulds.The related discussion of mud-clarifying ponds is also helpful to understand the function of such relics and the formation process of accumulation in them.This study has important reference significance for exploring the material and craft characteristics of pottery moulds before and after the early Spring and Autumn Period in the Central Plains.