失范理论视角下凉山州初中影子教育透视

An Observation of Shadow Education in Liangshan Junior High School from the Perspective of Anomie Theory

教育失范现象的表现是教育权力的寻租与异化,影子教育(课外补习教育)的失范即是具体表现形式之一。实行免费教育政策的民族地区让每一位适龄青年都有学可上、有书可读。但以盈利为目的的课外补习机构并不是服务于教育事业。从而,使学生、家长、学校、政府层面呈现出不同的失范现象,为此,本文针对失范现象提出了三个层面的规范策略:政府、学校层面要保障“双减”“双升”双向发力;学生层面要形成主动学习意识;家庭层面要扭转“唯成绩论”固有观念。以完善的职业教育体系,持续推进普职融通。为有效规范课外补习市场,开创凉山州基础教育高质量发展新局面,努力促进对教育公平做出有效探索。

The policy of free education in the ethnic minority areas of China has enabled all school-age children to access school education.In theory,this could mean the end of shadow education in those regions.However,this paper demonstrates that due to outdated teaching concepts that are failing educational institutions,in reality supplementary tutoring has been unconsciously promoted in some parts.Results further show,however,that profit-oriented after-school tutoring institutions fail to serve the goal of the education;therefore,there appear different anomie phenomena on the levels of the government,students,parents,and the schools themselves.First,those phenomena manifest themselves at the government level.The academic burden for children is still one of the hot issues in the field of education.When the policy of“double improvements”(i.e.improving the quality of after-school service and of school teaching itself)in ethnic regions fails to adequately complement the work of“double reductions”(i.e.reducing the excessive burden of homework and off-campus training for students in the compulsory education stage),the shadow education market in ethnic areas naturally seizes this opportunity.Second,these developments also reveal themselves at the students’level.Related research display that the traditional concept of an“excessive assignments tactic”is still the conventual approach towards school education,adopting an exam-oriented pedagogy.Therefore,schools have not actively responded to the call for a core quality development of students,as advocated by education departments when publishing on curricula and other aspects of teaching.In this context,although a series of measures such as“control dropout”may be helpful for preventing school-age teenagers from dropping out of class,they still may feel frustrated about their low schoolwork achievement.Third,there are the phenomena at the level of parents.Research shows that rational education investment may help students move up the societal ladder to a certain extent,but the utilitarian component of private supplementary tutoring value accounts for an increasing percentage,leading more and more parents to make this kind of education investment with higher risks.Finally,occurrences are visible at the school level.School education in minority areas faces the dual challenges of retention rate and high-level enrollment rate.However,the quantitative evaluation criteria of school teaching makes it difficult for local schools to adhere to a humanistic educational concept in their daily teaching routines.Because of the above anomic phenomena,this paper puts forward corresponding strategic remedies at three levels:Firstly,the government and schools should ensure the two-way efforts of“double reductions”and“double improvements”,and orderly optimize the teaching content of school services by paying close attention to the quality of school education and teaching as well as out-of-school services.Secondly,students should adopt personality traits conducive to academic performance,conduct reasonable self-assessments,realize that the motivation to learn should comes from within rather than through extreme comparison with others,and learn to rationally view the results of competitors.Thirdly,at the family level the inherent concept of“score-only”should be reversed.As for the case of Liangshan,it vigorously is to develop a new path of home-school collaborative pedagogy against the background of“double reductions”,which can provide local parents with a wide range of opportunities to participate in school educational activities.Local parents should take an active part in the practice of home-school co-education in order to understand the true thoughts of their children and improve their own cognition of nurturing talents.