道德物化的科技伦理进路及其新拓展——基于科技审度观的分析

Moralizing Technology as an Approach to Ethics of Science and Technology and its New Development:A Reconsideration

荷兰学派“道德物化”思想旨在通过技术人工物的设计、使用和流行来说服人按照道德期待去行动。近来,这一技术哲学思想在科技伦理治理中产生了广泛影响,同时也遭遇几个方面的挑战:一是“道德物化”可能给工程师过度赋权,导致技治主义,剥夺人的自由;二是“道德物化”主要考察单个技术人工物对人的影响,没能考察科技系统的价值敏感性问题;三是“道德物化”仅考虑技术人工物在使用环节的价值问题,未能考察科技作为一种工具在生产环节的价值内嵌问题。“科技审度”观肯定了科技对生产力的促进作用,但对科技异化保持审慎态度,并将科技置于人的解放中进行反思与批评。从科技审度视角来审视“道德物化”,将助其应对以上挑战,进一步拓展其科技伦理内涵。科技审度视野下的道德物化科技伦理考察将从单个的技术产品拓展到科技系统,从消费环节上溯到生产环节,以便充分考量科技的价值敏感性,进而实现全面、敏捷且有效的科技伦理治理。

The“Moralizing Technology”theory proposed by the Dutch school scholars aims to persuade people to act by morality through designing,using,and promoting technological artifactsThis idea has gained its population in China and abroad but is also confronted by three main kinds of criticism:First,it may overempower engineers,leading to technocracy and depriving people of their freedomSecond,Moralizing Technology mainly examines the effects of individual technological artifacts and fails to address the sensibility of value embedded in technological systemsThird,the moralizing technology approach only considers the value sensitivity of technological artifacts when they are used,failing to examine how it is carried out in manufacturingThe view of reconsideration affirms the role of science and technology in promoting productive forces but remains cautious toward the alienation of science and technologyIt also places science and technology in the context of human liberationThe Marxian reconsideration view of science and technology helps meet previous challenges,deepens our understanding of moralizing technology,and expands its study from individual technological artifacts to technological systems and from consumption to the phase of productionCombining Marx\s view with moralizing technology will further our understanding of the value sensitivity of science and technology crucial for ethical governance.