再论消费欺诈行为的构成要件

Further Discussion on Constitutive Elements of Fraudulent Act in Consumption

消费欺诈行为的认定是追究当事人惩罚性赔偿责任的前提。对于消费欺诈行为的构成要件,我国立法规定不甚明晰,导致司法实践中裁判不一。消费欺诈具有特殊的经济法意蕴,不宜简单套用民法理论或行政法理论,行政执法中对经营者欺诈行为的认定并不能当然适用于司法审判,民事欺诈也不必然构成消费欺诈。在内涵上,消费欺诈的构成要件应包括两个方面:一是主观要件,即经营者有欺诈的故意或重大过失;二是客观要件,即经营者实施了欺诈行为。在类型上,消费欺诈包括质量欺诈、标识欺诈、虚假宣传欺诈和价格欺诈。判断消费欺诈行为的论证过程复杂,尤其对非确定信息、部分虚假宣传、广告艺术夸大、网络交易信用欺诈等特殊经营问题,不宜采取“一刀切”的处理方式,而应根据消费欺诈行为的构成要件,结合具体案情进行综合判断。

The identification of fraudulent behavior is the premise of pursuing punitive damages.Regarding the constituent elements of consumer fraud,the legislative provisions are not clear,there are many differences in theory,and judicial practice is inconsistent.Consumption fraud has special economic law implications,and it is not appropriate to simply apply the theory of civil law or administrative law.The identification of operator fraud in administrative law enforcement cannot of course be applied to judicial trials,and civil fraud does not necessarily constitute consumption fraud.In terms of connotation,the constituent elements of consumer fraud should include two aspects,one is the subjective element,that is,the operator has the intention or gross negligence of fraud,and the other is the objective element,that is,the operator has committed a fraudulent act.In terms of types,consumer fraud includes four types:quality fraud,labeling fraud,false publicity,and price fraud.Judgment of fraudulent behavior is a complex demonstration process.For special business problems such as non-deterministic information,some false propaganda,exaggerated advertising art,and online transaction credit fraud,it is not appropriate to"one size fits all".Instead,a comprehensive judgment should be made based on the constituent element of consumer fraud,combined with the specific circumstances of the case.