董仲舒:儒家与国家宗教始结盟

Dong Zhongshu:The Beginning of the Alliance of Confucianism and National Religion

古代中国的“王教”是政教一体的古代中国的制度、组织、教化体系,即国家宗教。儒家不是宗教;儒者是为国家宗教服务的人士。六经原先不是儒家经典,而是反映王教的文献。王教衰微,各职能部门自主立说、各有倾向,道术为天下裂,出现诸子纷争局面。儒家,起初是诸子之一家。汉兴,因应一体性的国家治理与宗教建设的需要,武帝在“缙绅先生”建议封禅的推动下,重视宗教建设,遂表彰六经。由于孔子整理经典并以全部经典教学,诸子中唯有儒家掌握六经,全面正确地传承王道学,获得了阐释王教的“独尊”地位。六经遂被目为儒家经典。儒家与国家宗教的合作关系,以董仲舒标志其始,以康有为标志其终。

In ancient China,Wang Jiao(Kingly Religion)as a system of institution,organization and edification,combines politics and religion together,i.e.,national religion.Confucianism is not religion;Confucians are servants of national religion.The Six Classics is originally not Confucian classics,but literature of Wang Jiao.After wang jiao declined,some functional departments took different paths,each with its own proposition.Dao developed into multiple divided disciplines,which led to the dissension of scholars.Confucianism was at beginning just one of the disciplines.Later when the Han Dynasty thrived,the need of a unified governance and religion system came to the fore.Many scholars of Zou and Lu submitted proposals that government should carry out sacrifice offerings to Heaven and Earth.Under this trend,Emperor Wu paid attention to religious construction,and established the position of the Six Classics.Since Confucius collated classics and teach with classics,Confucian scholars inherited the orthodox study of Kingly Way through learning the Six Classics,and thus Confucianism gained the dominant position of explaining Kingly Way.In this way,the Six Classics got access to the sacred niche of Confucianism.The alliance of Confucianism and national religion began from Dong Zhongshu,and ended with Kang Youwei.