个体教化与审美化的政治理想——论洪堡的美育思想及实践

Bildung of the Individual and the Aestheticization of Political Ideal:Humboldt's Thought and Practice of Aesthetic Education

18世纪下半叶德意志思想界掀起了新古典人文主义运动,强调以古希腊人性格的完满性为楷模,通过教化全面实现自身禀赋臻于“人性理念”,进而在文化层面构建起德意志公民的政治身份,威廉·冯·洪堡的美育思想乃是此思潮影响下政治学、美学与教育学话语融合的系统性表达与实践典范。洪堡强调发挥审美创造力这一心灵机能实现个体之完善,在与他人的联结中达到多样性之统一,并以古典希腊的审美形象为引导,尝试造就统一的德意志民族。而洪堡的构想在教育改革实践中却暴露出现实政治需求与个体性审美原则的内在矛盾;随着古典理想的衰落,其所奠立的人文主义教育也滑向精英主义,成为一次并不成功的现代教育制度改革的尝试。

In the late 18th century,the neoclassical humanism movement was launched in the German intellectual circle,it emphasized the perfection of the character of the ancient Greeks as a model,people could fully realize their nature through education and achieve the"idea of human,"to construct the political identity of German citizens at the cultural level.The aesthetic education of Wilhelm von Humboldt is a systematic expression and practical model of the fusion of politics,aesthetics,and pedagogy under the influence of this trend of thought.Humboldt emphasized that the spiritual function of aesthetic creativity can be used to achieve the perfection of the individual,and to achieve the unity of variety in the connection with others,and guided by the aesthetic image of Greeks,he tried to create a unified German nation.However,Humboldt's design exposed the inherent contradiction between real political needs and individual aesthetic principles in the practice of reform of education;with the collapse of classical ideals,the humanistic education established by Humboldt also slid into elitism,becoming an unsuccessful attempt to reform the modern education.