欧盟及德国积极应对人口老龄化的新动向及其经验借鉴

Developments in the European Union and Germany's Active Response to Population Aging and Implications for China

根据第七次全国人口普查数据,近年来,我国人口的老龄化程度进一步加深。然而,目前我国应对人口老龄化的制度框架正在初步构建中。欧盟较早进入老龄化社会,欧盟委员会及其以德国为代表的成员国相继制定了一系列老龄政策,在积极应对老龄化方面积累了丰富经验。虽然我国人口现状与欧盟及其成员国各有不同,但都有着人口老龄化发展的相同趋势。通过对比欧盟、德国和中国的人口现状,梳理欧盟及德国在积极应对老龄化方面的政策新动向。结合中国国情,为中国积极应对人口老龄化提出以下对策建议:基于“全生命周期”视角进行老龄政策制度设计,以“家庭友好型”社会化解代际矛盾和促成性别平等;建立更具包容性的劳动力市场;满足老年人的健康护理和长期护理需求,抓住“银发经济”机遇;通过数字化途径,实现差异化城乡老龄政策。

According to data of the 7th National Population Census,China's population has aged further.However,the institutional framework to cope with population aging is just being initially constructed.The European Union has entered the aging society in an early time,and the European Commission and its member states represented by Germany have successively formulated a series of policies in this respect and accumulated rich experience in actively coping with population aging.Although the demographic situation in China is different from that of the EU and its member states,there are common trends in the differing national circumstances.This paper compared the current demographic situation of the EU,Germany and China,and reviewed developments in the policies of the EU and Germany in actively coping with population aging.In light of China's national conditions,the following measures are proposed:designing an aging policy system from a“whole life cycle”perspective;resolving intergenerational conflicts and promoting gender equality by developing a“family-friendly”society;creating a more inclusive labour market;meeting elders'demand for health and long-term care and seizing opportunities of the silver economy;and achieving a differentiated urban and rural aging policy framework through digital paths.