切顶卸压无煤柱自成巷研究进展与展望

Research progress and prospect of automatically formed roadway by roof cutting and pressure relief without pillars

长壁采煤方法是地下矿山开采中普遍采用的采煤方法之一。长壁开采沿空掘巷方法每开采1个工作面,需掘进2条回采巷道并留设1个护巷煤柱,煤柱资源无法回收、巷道掘进量大。基于采矿岩石力学的基本原理,笔者团队建立了平衡开采“切顶短臂梁”理论,提出了切顶卸压无煤柱自成巷技术,研发了顶板定向预裂切缝、高预应力恒阻锚索支护、矸石巷帮挡矸支护等关键技术。国内外学者在切顶卸压无煤柱自成巷的理论、试验和技术方面开展了系统研究。在理论研究方面,形成了无煤柱自成巷平衡开采理论,建立了切顶短臂梁模型和“三阶段”动态分区模型,为新型煤炭开采方法奠定了理论基础;在试验研究方面,开展了切顶卸压无煤柱自成巷地质力学模型试验,进行了顶板定向预裂切顶设计研究,分析了恒阻吸能锚杆(索)的静力拉伸、动力冲击等性能,探究了护帮挡矸结构的承载能力,为无煤柱自成巷关键技术设计提供了依据;在现场试验方面,针对不同工程地质特征进行了现场试验研究,研发了适用于实际工程的配套核心技术装备。文章对切顶卸压无煤柱自成巷理论和关键技术的研究现状进行梳理与总结,并对未来的发展方向进行展望。

Longwall mining method is one of the widely used mining methods in underground mining.The traditional longwall mining method of gob-side entry driving needs to excavate two mining roadways and reserve one coal pillar for each mining face.This mining method has problems such as the inability to recycle coal pillar resources and a large amount of roadway excavation.According to the basic principle of mining rock mechanics,the author's team established the equilibrium mining"cutting cantilever beam"theory,proposed the roof cuting pressure relief without coal pillar automatically formed roadway technology,and developed a series of key technologies of the roof directional pre-spliting cutting seam,high prestress constant resistance anchor cable support,and gangue roadway support.Domestic and foreign scholars have carried out systematic research on the theory,experiment and technology of automatically formed roadway without coal pillar.In the aspect of theoretical research,they established the equilibrium mining theory,the cutting cantilever beam model and the dynamic zoning model of"three stages",which lays a theoretical foundation for the new coal mining method.In the aspect of laboratory test,they carried out the geomechanical model test of automatically formed roadway and studied the design of roof directional presplitting.They also carried out the static tension and dynamic impact test of constant resistance energy-absorbing anchor bolt(cable)and the bearing test of the type of gangue prevention structure,which provides a basis for the design of key parameters of automatically formed roadway.In the field test,according to different engineering geological characteristics,the successful application of the supporting core technical equipment has been demonstrated in the practical engineering.In this paper,the research status of the theory and key technologies of automatically formed roadway are reviewed and summarized,and the future development direction is prospected.