价格双轨与条块分割:中国电力短缺的社会学分析

The Dual Price System and Tiao-kuai Division:A Sociological Analysis of China's Electricity Shortage

中国电力产业快速发展与电力体制深化改革的进程呈现出“国家形塑市场”的特征。本文从社会学的结构分析和过程视角揭示了当前中国电力产业发展的困境:发电侧装机容量整体过剩与售电侧电力局部短缺的结构性失衡。这不能简单归因于市场失灵或政府失灵,而是多重结构关系相互作用的结果。中国电力产业嵌入于四种结构关系之中:电力产业链条中不同生产环节之间的产业结构关系;不同电能相互补充的行业之间的结构关系;“市场煤”与“政府电”以及电网公司内固定价与市场价并行的两重价格双轨的结构关系;各级电网公司与发电企业因多重归口管理形成的条块分割的结构关系。这四重结构关系相互作用形成了一种独特的“结构力量”,影响了中国电力产业发展模式以及电力体制改革进路,也是中国电力结构性失衡以及电荒频现的重要原因。

The rapid development of China's electric power industry and the deepening of system reform are advancing together,showing the characteristics of"the state builds the market".From structural analysis and the process perspective of sociology,the paper reveals that the dilemma of the current development of China's power industry is the structural imbalance between the overall excess installed capacity on the generation side and the local shortage of electricity on the sales side.This dilemma cannot be simply attributed to market failure or government failure but to the interaction of multiple structural relationships.China's electric power industry is embedded in four structural relationships:the structural relationship of intra-industry,which exists between the different stages of electricity production,transmission,distribution and sale;the structural relationship of inter-industry,which is expressed as the complementarity between different types of electrical energy;the structural relationship of double-dual-price which exists between"market coal"and"government electricity"and between fixed prices and market prices within the national grid companies;the structural relationship of Tiao-kuai division which is formed by all levels of power grid companies and power generation enterprises dues to multiple centralized management.The interaction of these four structural relationships constitutes a unique"structural force"shaping the development mode of China's electric power industry and the process of electric power system reform,which is also an important reason for the structural imbalance in China's power development and the frequent occurrence of electricity shortages.