mRNA疫苗及其基于聚合物的递送系统研究进展

Research Progress of mRNA Vaccines and Polymer-based Delivery Systems

2019年,全球暴发了严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)疫情。由SARS-CoV-2引起的传染病(Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19)具有极强的传染性及较高的病死率,对人类健康及经济发展造成了极大伤害。疫苗接种是预防和控制SARS-CoV-2传播的主要途径。信使RNA(mRNA)疫苗因具有制备简单、生产周期短、细胞毒性较小等优点而备受关注;最重要的是,mRNA容易实现量产,是应对突发疫情的重要手段之一。在此将对mRNA疫苗及其作用机制、递送载体以及给药方式等进行综述,旨在为mRNA疫苗研发工作提供参考。

There was a global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)in 2019.The pandemic of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by SARS-CoV-2 shows high infectivity and fatality rate,which has caused a great burden on human health and economic development.Vaccination is an important way to prevent and control the prevalence and spread of SARS-CoV-2.A lot of vaccines are developed and applied to prevent and control it,such as inactivated viruses vaccines,recombinant subunit protein vaccines,adenovirus vector vaccines and messenger RNA(mRNA)vaccines.The mRNA is a new drug model,which can use the body's own translation system to express proteins with different functions.Therefore,it can be used in the treatment of many diseases,which is also considered to be a substitute for DNA and recombinant protein mediated therapy.With mRNA synthesis,purification and modification in vitro,scientists find that the mRNA is easy to be degraded due to its instability,which leads to lower transfection efficiency.Therefore,it is necessary to fabricate and develop a suitable delivery system for improving its stability and translation efficiency.The successful delivery system makes mRNA drugs attract more and more attention in cancer treatment,infectious disease prevention,protein replacement therapy and gene editing.Until now,many delivery carriers have been designed and evaluated including dendrimers,liposome,nano-emulsions and polymer nanoparticles.In addition,mRNA vaccines show such excellent characteristics as simple preparation,short development and production cycle and little cytotoxicity.Most importantly,mRNA vaccines are easy to scale up.All these advantages result in mRNA vaccines'suitablity to deal with infection outbreaks.Here we will review the mRNA vaccine,the mechanism of action,the delivery vector and the administration ways of the mRNA vaccine,in order to provide reference for the mRNA vaccine research and development.