锂离子电池释热机理与模型及安全改性技术研究综述

Review on Mechanism and Model of Heat Release and Safety Modification Technology of Lithium-Ion Batteries

锂离子电池具有能量功率密度高、寿命长、无记忆效应等优点,被广泛应用于移动电子产品、电动汽车、储能系统、航空航天等领域。然而近年来以电池热失控相关的电动汽车和储能系统安全事故频发,引起高度关注。高能量密度电池的高安全性是推动电池大规模应用的首要保障,以电池产热特性、热失控机理、防护和抑制方法为核心的研究成为近几年电池热安全领域的热点。因此,本文对电池热安全领域的核心问题进行了全面的综述。首先讨论电池在常规工况下的产热特性、热失控链式放热反应以及三种滥用条件下的电池失效机理;其次,阐述电池电化学-热耦合模型以及热失控模型的机理方程、构建、应用及演化;再次,介绍电池正负极材料、隔膜、电解液以及集流体安全改性技术的研究进展;最后本文对该领域的研究趋势做出展望,为提升锂离子电池的本征安全性,防止热失控提供思路和方向。

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in mobile electronic products,electric vehicles,energy storage systems,aerospace and other fields due to their high energy and power density,long life and no memory effect.However,in recent years,the frequent safety accidents of electric vehicles and energy storage systems related to battery thermal runaway have attracted high attention.The high safety of high energy density batteries is the primary guarantee to promote the large-scale application of batteries,and the research on the characteristics of battery heat generation,thermal runaway mechanism,protection and suppression methods has become a hot topic in the field of battery thermal safety research in recent years.Therefore,the core issues in the field of battery thermal safety are comprehensively reviewed in this paper.Firstly,the thermal generation characteristics of the battery under normal conditions,the thermal runaway chain exothermic reaction and the failure mechanism of the battery under three kinds of abuse conditions are discussed;Secondly,the mechanistic equation,construction,application and evolution of the electrochemical-thermal coupling model and thermal runaway model are described;and then,the research progress of anode and cathode materials,separator,electrolyte and current collector safety modification technology are introduced;finally,this paper makes a prospect for the research trend in this field to provide ideas and directions for improving the intrinsic safety of lithium-ion batteries and preventing thermal runaway.