尼帕病毒性脑炎研究进展

Research Progress of Nipah Virus Encephalitis

尼帕病毒性脑炎是一种由尼帕病毒(Nipah virus)引起的人兽共患病,果蝠是该病毒的天然宿主,人感染后的主要临床症状为发热、头痛以及脑膜炎,死亡率为40%~70%。尼帕病毒可通过呼吸道飞沫、鼻腔分泌物等传播,动物食用被果蝠污染的食物也可被感染。研究表明,尼帕病毒可以通过被感染动物向人群传播,人与人通过直接接触也可相互传播。虽然我国尚未报告发生尼帕病毒性脑炎疫情,但我国周边国家如马来西亚、孟加拉国以及印度等相继报告人尼帕病毒性脑炎病例,加之我国南方省份是果蝠的自然分布区域,这些现状提示尼帕病毒性脑炎输入国内的风险较大,因而防范工作不能松懈。我国将尼帕病毒性脑炎列为一类动物疫病以及重点防范的外来动物疫病。本文重点综述了尼帕病毒的免疫逃避机制、尼帕病毒性脑炎防治手段,以期对国内尼帕病毒性脑炎的防范工作提供参考。

Nipah virus encephalitis is one of zoonoses caused by Nipah virus,taking fruit bats as natural hosts.Fever,headache and meningitis could be found when human is infected,with a mortality rate of 40%~70%.The virus could be transmitted through respiratory droplets,nasal secretions,etc.Animals that eat food infected by fruit bats may also be infected.Studies indicated that the virus could be transmitted to human not only via infected animals but also human through direct contact with each other.Cases of Nipah virus encephalitis had been reported successively in neighboring countries such as Malaysia,Bangladesh and India,although no report in China.In addition,fruit bats were naturally distributed in South China.All of which indicated that the entry risk of the disease was high,and the prevention should be improved.In China,Nipah virus encephalitis had been classified into CategoryŒanimal diseases and exotic animal diseases that should be prevented and controlled as a priority.In this paper,the immune escape mechanism of Nipah virus as well as the prevention and treatment measures for Nipah virus encephalitis were reviewed,with a view to providing a reference for future efforts in China.