畜禽粪便肥料化及其在土壤改良中的应用综述

Review on Fertilization of Livestock and Poultry Manure and Its Application in Soil Improvement

我国畜禽养殖由散户向规模化集中养殖转变后,养殖废弃物造成的环境污染问题仍较严重。畜禽粪便中富含N、P、K等多种营养元素和有机质,是重要的有机肥源。为了加快推进畜禽粪便的资源化利用,笔者首先分析了畜禽粪便随意排放带来的风险,然后介绍了当前流行的几种粪便资源化利用方式。我国目前对畜禽粪污的处理技术主要包括除臭和固液分离,资源化利用方面主要有厌氧发酵和肥料化利用,也有将畜禽粪便气化后作为能源利用的尝试,但因能源化利用成本较高而难于推广;肥料化利用操作简单、成本低,且应用效果显著。笔者着重阐述了畜禽粪便堆肥技术以及畜禽粪便肥料对土壤改良的效果,并提出今后应着重解决堆肥过程中重金属和抗生素污染问题,加强鸡粪、鸽粪、猪粪、牛粪等不同来源有机肥的系统性对比研究,以更好地推进畜禽粪便的资源化利用。

Though the livestock and poultry breeding in China has transformed from dispersed culture to large-scale intensive raising,the environmental pollution problem caused by animal waste is still serious.On the other hand,livestock and poultry manure is an important source of organic fertilizer which is rich in N,P,K,etc.nutrient elements and organic matter(OM).To accelerate the resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure,we first analyzed the risks caused by the random discharge of livestock and poultry manure,and introduced several common ways of resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure.At present,the treatment techniques of livestock and poultry manure mainly include deodorization and solid-liquid separation.The utilization of manure resources mainly includes anaerobic fermentation and composting.There is also attempt to gasify animal waste for energy,which is difficult to popularize because of the high cost of energy utilization.Composting utilization is simple in operation and low in cost with significant performance.Here,we elaborate the composting technology of livestock and poultry manure and its effect on soil improvement,and suggest that the pollution of heavy metals and antibiotics during composting should be emphatically solved in the future,and the systematically comparative study of organic manure from different sources,such as chicken,pigeon,pig and cow manures,should be strengthened,so as to better promote the process of resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure.