枳实的炮制研究进展

Research Progress on Processing of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus

枳实作为我国传统中药,历代有多种炮制方法,通过查阅历代本草专著及近20年来枳实炮制相关研究文献,比较《中华人民共和国药典》2020版及各地饮片炮制规范,对枳实历代炮制方法沿革、现代炮制工艺及炮制过程中成分变化研究、炮制品质量控制和药理作用研究进行综述。历代枳实炮制方法包括净制、切制、清炒(炒黄、炒炭)、固体辅料炒(麸炒、土炒、面炒)、炙制(酒炙、醋炙、姜炙、蜜炙)、烧、蒸、焙、熬、泔浸制、醋制膏等20余种;现代药典和地方炮制规范基本沿用枳实的传统炮制方法,以净制、切制、麸炒为主。枳实炮制工艺研究主要集中于麸炒、软化切制、水炙,枳实经炮制后,挥发油含量下降,成分种类也发生变化,橙皮苷、柚皮苷、辛弗林等成分含量也有下降。枳实炮制品质量控制研究,现主要采用TLC、HPLC法对单个或多个成分进行定性和定量测定。枳实炮制品药理作用研究主要集中于升高血压、对子宫和胃肠道平滑肌作用及黄酮类成分体内转运吸收等方面。今后需进一步阐明枳实炮制前后的物质基础、作用机制,规范其炮制方法,建立专属性质量标准,为后续枳实的炮制研究、资源开发及综合应用提供依据。

As a traditional Chinese medicine,Aurantii fructus immaturus has been processed in many ways in the past dynasties.By referring to past herbal monographs and research literature related to the processing of it in the past 20 years,the author compared the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 Edition)and the processing specifications of various local decoction pieces,and summarized the Historical evolution of processing methods,modern processing technology,research on component changes during processing,processing quality control and pharmacological action.It was found that there were more than 20 processing methods of Aurantii fructus immaturus in the past,including net processing,cutting,plain-frying(frying yellow and charcoal),solid auxiliary material frying(bran frying,earth frying and noodle frying),baking(wine frying,vinegar frying,ginger frying and honey frying),burning,steaming,baking,boiling,swill soaking,and vinegar paste making;Modern Pharmacopoeia and local processing specifications basically follow the traditional processing methods,mainly including net processing,cutting and bran frying.The research on the processing technology of Aurantii fructus immaturus mainly focuses on bran frying,softening and cutting,and water roasting.After the processing of it,the content of volatile oil decreases,and the types of components also change.The content of hesperidin,naringin,synephrine and others also decreases.The research on quality control of processed Aurantii fructus immaturus,TLC and HPLC are mainly used for qualitative and quantitative determination of single or multiple components.The pharmacological action research of processed Auranti fructus immaturus mainly focus on the effects of raising blood pressure,on the smooth muscle of the uterus and gastrointestinal tract,on the transport and absorption of flavonoids in vivo,and so on.It is necessary to further explain the material basis and mechanism of action before and after processing,standardize its processing methods,establish specific quality standards,and provide a basis for subsequent processing research,resource development,and comprehensive application of Auranti fructus immaturus.