高原低氧对认知功能的影响与相关防治进展

Advances in the effects of high-altitude hypoxia on cognitive function and targeting prevention and treatment measures

高原环境有低压、低氧等特点,这种特定的环境在引起人体急慢性高原病的同时,也会损伤人体的中枢神经系统,影响认知能力。这些损伤主要体现在记忆力、学习能力、知觉等方面。应激是造成损伤的原因之一,进入高原后的心理变化以及社会文化环境的改变会引起应激反应。此外,高原的低压低氧引起的氧化损伤、炎症反应、钙稳态失衡也会损伤神经系统,造成神经细胞凋亡。另一方面,表观遗传学在高原环境的适应及氧稳态相关基因的表达调控也逐渐受到关注,可能在高原居民的环境适应与遗传方面起到重要作用。面对高原损伤,阶梯式习服和吸氧是目前常见的应对措施,药物治疗以及心理干预也对高原病的防治起到了积极作用。随着相关技术的发展,新型的高原宜居方案也在逐步研发,为高原反应的防治带来了新的思路。本文综述了高原环境对认知功能的主要影响,高原反应应对方法现状,并介绍了最新的高原宜居方案研发进展,为高原环境认知功能障碍的防治和研究提供参考。

Characterized by low pressure and hypoxia,the high-altitude environment can cause acute and chronic high-altitude sickness in humans while also damaging the human central nervous system and impairing cognitive abilities.These impairments mainly involve in memory,learning ability,and perception.One of the causes of impairments is stress response,which is a result of psychological changes upon entering the high altitude as well as changes in the socio-cultural environment.In addition,oxidative damage,inflammatory response and imbalance of calcium homeostasis caused by low pressure and hypoxia can also damage the nervous system and cause apoptosis of nerve cells.On the other hand,it is thought that epigenetics may explain this,as the adaptation to the high-altitude environment and the regulation of gene expression related to oxygen homeostasis may play an important role in the environmental adaptation and genetics of high-altitude dwellers.In the case of high-altitude related injuries,pharmacological treatment and psychological interventions play a positive role in the prevention and treatment of high-altitude sickness,in addition to common coping measures such as step-altitude acclimatization and oxygen inhalation.With the development of relevant technologies,new solutions for high-altitude acclimatization are also being developed,providing new ideas for the prevention and treatment of high-altitude sickness.This paper reviews the main effects of the high-altitude environment on cognitive function and the existing measures for coping with high-altitude sickness,and introduces the latest advances in the development of solutions for high-altitude acclimatization,providing a reference for the prevention and treatment of high-altitude related cognitive dys function and for subsequent studies.