论知识产品的改进及其权利配置

Improvement of Intellectual Products andReallocation of Intellectual Property Rights

知识产品的改进会引发原权利人与改进者之间的权利冲突与再配置,权利配置规则与不同知识产权法的制度特征有关。专利法赋予改进者从属发明的专利权,以降低从属发明的创造成本,同时通过强制许可、反向等同等责任规则,防止原专利权人阻挠从属发明的实施。著作权法包含更多作者人格色彩,故赋予原作著作权人对演绎作品更大的控制权,但也通过合理使用、赔偿损失等责任规则,降低演绎者实施演绎作品的成本。应明确责任规则的适用条件,避免法律过度干预,侵犯私人协商空间。商标改进的权利配置被过往研究忽视。基于对商标改进权利规则的类型化分析,为促进商标资源的有效配置,鼓励诚信经营投资商誉,避免消费者混淆与误认,建议设置商标被许可人转回商誉的条件及转回方式,完善我国“撤三”规则,引入逆权占有制度。

The improvement of intellectual products will lead to the conflict and reallocation of intellectual property(IP)rights between the original right holder and the improver.The rules of IP rights allocation are concerned with the characteristics of different IP laws.The Patent Law allocates the patent right of the improved innovation to the improver to reduce the cost of completing the improved invention.At the same time,it prevents the original patent owner from obstructing the implementation of the improved invention through compulsory licenses and the reverse doctrine of equivalents.Since copyrighted works inevitably reflect the personality of the author,the Copyright Law gives the copyright owner of the original work more control over the derivative work.However,by applying liability rules such as the fair use doctrine and making compensation,the Copyright Law reduces the cost of the improver to exercise the copyright of the derivative work.The conditions to apply liability rules should be clarified to avoid excessive legal interference and infringement of private negotiation space.The improvement of trademark has long been ignored by the literature.Based on the typological analysis of the trademark improvement and the rule of right allocation,it is suggested that conditions and mechanisms for trademark licensees to revert goodwill should be formulated,the legislative rule“revocation—re-registration”should be refined,and the adverse possession rule should be introduced to China to promote the effective allocation of trademark.