CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of period reveals its function in the circadian rhythms of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella

Circadian clocks control the rhythmicity of many behaviors and physiological features of insects.To study the circadian clock of the moth Plutella xylostella,we employed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing to investigate the effect of loss of the clock gene period on the circadian rhythms.P.xylostella harbors a single copy of period.Phylogenetic analysis showed that P.xylostella PERIOD is more homologous to mouse PERIOD than the PERIOD proteins from bees,flies,mosquitos,and many other Lepidoptera,such as Danaus plexippus and Bombyx mori.The circadian rhythms in adult locomotor activity were altered in the period knockout strain of P.xylostella under light–dark(LD)and continuous dark(DD)conditions.Under the LD cycle,the wild-type moths displayed nocturnal activity with activity peaking very early after lights off and quickly declining after lights on.In contrast,the period knockout strain had no peak in activity when the lights were turned off and exhibited steady activity throughout the hours of darkness.Interestingly,under DD conditions,our results showed that the locomotor rhythm can be maintained without period gene,but at a lower rhythmicity ratio than wild-type.In addition,knockout of period in P.xylostella changed circadian rhythms patterns related to pupal eclosion,mating,egg-laying,and egg hatching.Mechanistically,loss of PERIOD disrupted the molecular rhythm of period and changed the clock transcription rhythm in the heads of the moths under LD and DD conditions.Together,our study indicates that the PERIOD is required for normal expression of many behavioral rhythms in P.xylostella.