Rubber–ice friction

We study the friction when a rectangular tire tread rubber block is sliding on an ice surface at different temperatures ranging from−38 to−2℃,and sliding speeds ranging from 3μm/s to 1 cm/s.At low temperatures and low sliding speeds we propose that an important contribution to the friction force is due to slip between the ice surface and ice fragments attached to the rubber surface.At temperatures above−10℃ or for high enough sliding speeds,a thin premelted water film occurs on the ice surface and the contribution to the friction from shearing the area of real contact is small.In this case the dominant contribution to the friction force comes from viscoelastic deformations of the rubber by the ice asperities.We comment on the role of waxing on the friction between skis and snow(ice particles).